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Short and long term effects of exercise on the
cardiovascular system

Level 3 Certificate in Sports
Umarfaruk Ahmed
Lorraine Cooper

1

Short term effect
Heart rate
At rest, our heart beats between 60 and 80 times per minute on average however it can vary
depending on what situation you are in
...
This is known as the anticipatory response
...
On the
onset of exercise, our heart rate increases depending on how intensive the exercise is
...
For example as a 100 meter sprinter is in their
starting position, there is an anticipatory response as the heart rate starts to increase due to the
pressure
...
This normally links to the
arteries walls as it is forced to widen due to the exerted circulating blood
...
During exercise, blood pressure
increases due to extra requirements of the muscles and organs for oxygenated blood
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Vasodilatation and vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is when the blood vessels narrow down as a result of contraction of the muscular
walls
...
Vasodilation is when the blood vessels
widen due to relaxation of smooth muscles which allows more blood to flow through
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For
example vasodilatation occurs on a football player as soon as the player starts running due to the
working muscles needing more blood for the body to regulate properly
...
This refers to the size
of the heart muscle increasing
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Most of the time, strange heart muscle growth occurs in
one of the two bottom chambers of the heart: the left and right ventricle
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The left ventricle pumps blood to most of the body and the
right primarily services only the lungs
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Athletes who
participate in aerobic sporting activities tend to have larger ventricular cavities, whilst
anaerobic athletes have thicker ventricular walls
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Stroke volume
Another long term effect of cardiovascular is stroke volume; this increases as we take part in sports
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Stroke volume increases depending on how intensive the exercise is as our body requires
oxygen which comes from the blood
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This increase in stroke
volume in attributable to greater end diastolic filling
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For example, a 400 meter sprinter stroke volume will increase as the heart will pump more
blood from the left ventricle within a heartbeat to supply it to the working muscles and organs

Cardiac Output
Cardiac out is another long term effect of cardiovascular
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As we exercise cardiac output increases as our body
requires blood for it to regulate properly
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As
aerobic fitness improves, cardiac output increases as a result of our heart rate decreasing and stroke
volume increasing
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During intense exercise this can
increase to 20-40L/min
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3

Resting heart rate
Due to constant training on the human body and the heart, the resting heart rate decreases as the
circulatory system works more efficiently and works more easily
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Athletes can have a resting heart rate as low
as 30 due to them constantly training
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During or after
exercise the body produces a large number of red blood cells because the muscle requires oxygen
for it to function during high intensive exercise
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4

Bibliography

http://www
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co
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html
(2012)
http://www
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com/anatomy/short_term_effects
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livestrong
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livestrong
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org/teen/your_body/body_basics/heart

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