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Cytology is the study of cells
Cell theory: All living things are made up cells
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Lots of different sizes, shapes and colors
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things
All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division
Idea: Living things (cells) come from other living things
Idea: Living things can come from nonliving things (Not True)
Major Parts of the Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Hereditary Material
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E
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)
Golgi Bodies
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Centrioles
Main Parts of a Typical Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus
Parts of the cell
Cell Membrane
Structure) Fluid mosaic model - Double layer of fat molecules with protein
Function) Keep foreign materials out and keep insides inside
Location) Inside the cell wall or on the outside of the cell if the cell wall is non-existent
How it relates to another part) Keeps foreign materials out and keeps insides inside
Flagellum
Structure) Tail like ex) Tail of the sperm cell
Function) Moves back and forth and by doing that it moves the cell from one place to another
Location) Attached to the cell membrane
How it relates to another part) It needs liquid to move ex) bloodstream/ semen
Osmosis and Diffusion
Diffusion

Substance spreading out from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water (water only)
It has to go through some kind of membrane
Cell Wall
Structure) Made up of cellulose (large sugar molecule, a carbohydrate
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Helps non wood plants stay
upright so it can get sunlight
Location) Outside of plant cells and fungus but it’s not a part of the actual cell
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Made of DNA (genes)
Function) Keeps DNA wrapped in a tight ball so it doesn’t unravel
Location) Inside the nucleus
How it relates to another part) Chemical instructions sent from nucleus are actually little pieces
of chromosomes
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Function) Make sure all of the organelles do their job
Location) Space between cell membrane and nucleus
How it relates to another part) In that space is a substance that has the same consistency as
hair gel
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99% is water
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It’s internal
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Function) Provides internal support for the cell
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Needs sugar and oxygen to create energy
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It’s like a maze
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It’s
faster than floating through the cytoplasm
Location) In the cytoplasm
How it relates to another part) Works with the ribosomes so the nucleus can send messages to
the ribosomes so they can produce more proteins
Ribosomes
Structure) Made up of 2 subunits
Function) Makes proteins for the cell
Location) In the cytoplasm
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We can’t eat enough protein so our
body has to make some for us
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Vesicle
Structure) Fluid filled Sack
Function) Transfer things (called secretion)
Location) Floats around in the cytoplasm
How it relates to another part) Works with ER (transfers ribosomes) and Golgi Bodies
Golgi Apparatus (Bodies)
Structure) Folded up membrane
Function) Packages (rearranges) proteins to be sent out of the cell via vesicles
Location) In the cytoplasm
How it relates to another part) Vesicles take the rearranged proteins to the cell membrane to
leave the cell
Lysosomes
Structure) Fluid filled sack
Function) Digests the food that comes through the cell membrane
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Location) In the cytoplasm by the cell membrane
How it relates to another part)
Centrioles
Structure) Microtubules like in the cytoskeleton (shaped like a churro)
Function) When the cells are programed to divide (split apart) Sends out fibers that attach to the
chromosomes and pulls it to one side of the nucleus so that when the cells divide, both cells
have DNA and chromosomes)
Location) Found around the nucleus in pairs

How it relates to another part) Helps to splits the Nucleus
Chloroplast (organelle)/ Chlorophyll (green pigment (gel like substance) that’s inside the
Chloroplast)
Structure) Can be lots of different shapes depending on the type of cell it is
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Everything that’s green on the plant has
chloroplasts
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Cell membrane is not very selective on what
goes in and out of the cell
Impermeable: Pores of the membrane are shut
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Only tiny
molecules like oxygen and water can get in

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