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Title: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
Description: This chapter is all about Cellular Respiration including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, fermentation, and pyruvate oxidation.

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Cellular Respiration: ​
Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the 
cell can use as energy
...
 
This energy conversion efficiency is better than most energy conversion systems
...
 
 
calorie = the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of H​  by 1 degree celsius
...
 
­ about 75% of these calories is used to maintain a healthy body 
­ the remaining 25% is used to power physical activities 
A balance of energy intake and expenditure is required to maintain a healthy weight
...
 
 
Oxygen attracts electrons very strongly = electronegativity 
 
An electron loses potential energy when it is transferred to oxygen
...
 In a redox reaction, 
­ oxidation = LOSS of electrons 
­ ­charge increases 
­ reduction = GAIN of electrons 
­ ­gain electrons means charge is reduced 
­ OiL RiG or LEO GER 
 
NAD​
+​
 is an ​
Electron Carriers: ​
any molecule which temporarily transfers high energy electrons
...

Glycolysis = “sugar splitting” 
A
...
Intermediates: any molecules that is part of a metabolic pathway
...
Substrate­level­phosphorylation: an enzyme removes a phosphate from a 
molecule to turn ADP into ATP
...
Pyruvate is oxidized in preparation for the citric acid cycle
...

Pyruvate Oxidation → Citric acid cycle 
1
...
NAD​s reduced to NADH 
+ ​
i
3
...
The citric acid cycle 
1
...
completes the oxidation of organic molecules, and  
3
...
 
C
...
In: Acetyl­CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4) 
E
...

Oxidative Phosphorylation 
A
...
where: the inner membrane of the mitochondria  
2
...

Fermentation 
A
...
Goal: to oxidize NADH = 2 Lactate and 2 NAD+ 
1
...
2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH → 2 Lactate + 2 NAD+ 
3
...
Pyruvate + 2 NADH → 2 Ethanol 
5
Title: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
Description: This chapter is all about Cellular Respiration including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, fermentation, and pyruvate oxidation.