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Blood

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5-6 liters

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55% plasma: 91
...
5% solutes---plasma proteins, wastes, nutrients (vitamins,
minerals, other factors), hormones, fats, medications



45% cells—erythrocytes (red blood cells-RBC), leukocytes (white blood cells-WBC),
thrombocytes (platelets)



Blood cells are made in the red marrow in long bones, ribs, vertebrae, hip bones and
skull
...




All cells come from totipotent hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)



Erythrocytes (RBC):



Biconcave enucleated discs



Females average 4
...
4 million/cubic mm of blood

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RBC carry oxygen to tissues on the protein complex called hemoglobin
...
Normal hemoglobin is HbA
...




Sickle cell anemia is caused by a replacement of glutamic acid with valine in two spots
on the protein chain
...
Their lifespan is approx
...
When they die they
are removed from the bloodstream by the spleen
...




The production rate for RBC is 2 million cells per second
...


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Hematocrit (HCT)-percentage of RBC in the blood
...
7 - 50
...
1 - 44
...





Male: 13
...
2 gm/dL
Female: 12
...
1 gm/dL



Blood typing relates to RBC
...




Type A-- IAIA

IAi

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Type B-- IBIB

IBi

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Type AB-- IAIB

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Type O-- ii

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There is also another protein on the surface of the RBC in 85% of humans
...
Rh comes from the word Rhesus (monkey)
...
If the baby is Rh positive it’s the
same as the mother
...
If the baby is Rh negative, there’s no response on the mother’s
part
...
The mother will
produce antibodies to the baby’s blood (there is always a slight leakage from baby to
mother)
...




(HDN-hemolytic disease of the newborn, erythroblastosis fetalis)



To avoid attacking the baby’s RBCs, the mother is given RhoGam with each pregnancy
which binds to the antibodies
...
Mainly in people
from the Mediterranean area (Greece, Italy)
...
Replacement of glutamic acid by valine due to a point
mutation in 2 places on the hemoglobin molecule causing production of HbS instead
of HbA—cells sickle
Aplastic anemia-total shutdown of bone marrow-most commonly caused by radiation
(high dose) and some drugs (i
...
Chloramphenicol)
Hemorrhagic anemia-excessive blood loss (trauma, metrorrhagia)
Hemolytic anemia-rupturing of RBC-some drugs, viruses such as Ebola
Polycythemia-too many RBC
...




Functional (relative) Polycythemia is related to dehydration and high altitudes
...
Platelets begin to stick
to each other at the site of the damage (platelet aggregation)
...
Blood cells collect against the mesh and the
plug (clot) is formed
...




There are 12 clotting factors
...
DVTdeep vein thrombosis
...




Leukocytes (white blood cells—WBC)-involved in the immune response and
inflammatory process



6,000-10,000 WBC/cubic mm of blood



CBC (complete blood count) with differential (allows for an analysis of the actual
percentage of each of the 5 types of WBC)



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