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Unit 1:
Lesson 1: Terrestrial Plant Adaptations
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•   Availability of water/desiccation (extreme dryness)
o   Cuticle- prevents water loss and gas exchange
o   Stomata- allows for gas exchange
•   Transporting water from soil
o   Tracheids- specialized cells for transporting water and minerals
o   Xylem- water transport
o   Phloem- food transport
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Explain the evolutionary adaptations that separate the following plant groups: charophytes,
bryophytes, lycophytes, pterophytes, seed plants
4
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Distinguish between spores, pollen, and sperm
•   Spore- haploid unit of asexual reproduction that is dispersed from a sporophyte (after meiosis) and
grows into a gametophyte
•   Pollen- the multicellular male gametophyte
•   Sperm- created by mitosis of the male gametophyte
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•   “naked seed”à seed exposed/not covered by sporophyte tissues
•   pollen spreads by air, seeds protected in cone
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•   Seed develops in flower with ovary
•   Double fertilization (egg and endosperm; pollen w/ 2 sperm) à provide nutrients for seed
•   Highly evolved pollination and seed dispersal
Lesson 2: Plant Form
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•   Meristems- cluster of cells/similar to stem cells in animals, undifferentiated, divide indefinitely
by mitosis, totipotent
•   Apical meristem= primary growth
o   Deal with growth in length, found in “tips and buds”
o   Protoderm- dermal tissue, “skin,” protection
o   Procambium- primary vascular tissue, xylem/phloem
o   Ground meristem- storage, photosynthesis, support
§   Parenchyma
§   Collenchyma
§   Sclerenchyma
•   Lateral meritstem= secondary growth
o   Expansion and growth in diameter
o   Vascular Cambium- secondary xylem and phloem
o   Cork cambium- outerbark

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•   Organ Systems:
o   Root system: primarily below ground
o   Shoot systems
§   Vegetative shoot- repeating nodes/internodes
§   Axillary buds- allow plant to branch, produce flower shoots
•   To be an organ, must be a combination of all tissue types
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Relate the structure of these plant organs to their
functions
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  Explain how secondary growth produces a woody stem and diagram the structure of a woody
stem
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  Describe the three life spans exhibited by plants
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  Calculate the water potential of a call and predict the direction of water movement based on
water potential
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  Compare the three water and mineral transport pathways through plant roots to the vascular tissue
•   Apoplast: between cell walls and places between cells
•   Symplast: uses pladmodesma (channels between cell walls)
•   Transmembrane: across membranes and vacuoles, most control over which substances pass
3
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  Explain the cohesion-tension theory of water transport in the xylem: theory of intermolecular attraction
that explains the process of water flow upwards through the xylem of plants
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  Describe the mechanism of stomatal opening and closing
•   Stomata opening:
o   Flaccid guard cell takes up K+, Cl-, and malate 2o   Concentration in the cell increases and water potential decreases
o   Water flows into cell vacuole, cell becomes turgid, stomata opens
•   Stomata closing:
o   Abscisic acid (ABA) initiates signaling pathway: opens channels
o   K+, Cl-, and malate 2- leave the cell
o   Concentration in the cell decreases, water potential increases
o   Water flows out of the cell (following solutes) and cell becomes flaccid again
•   Conditions that promote stomatal closing: high CO2 concentration in cell, high temperature,
lack of water
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  Describe the composition of soil
•   Highly weathered outer layer of the Earth’s crust…
•   Topsoil- sand/silt/clay, nutrient rice, well decomposed matter
•   Subsoil- minerals leaching from rocks and accumulating from above, less organic matter
•   Bedrock- water moves laterally back to stream
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  Describe how plants extract nutrients from the soil
•   Soil particles tend to have a negative charge
•   Positive ions are attracted to the soil particle
•   Negative ions stay in solution creating a charge gradient that “pull” positive ions out of the root
cells
•   Cation exchange: positive ions moving out of root cells facilitate the release of cations from soil
particles which are taken up by the root hairs
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o   Bacteroids produce nitrogenase and fix nitrogen in atmosphere
•   Root symbiosis with Mycorrhizae: nutrient exchange for disease protection
•   Carnivorous plants: can grow in acidic/nitrogen scare environments and extract nitrogen from
other organism
Describe phytoremediation and how plants are employed to clean polluted sites
•   Phytoremediation: use of plants to concentrate/breakdown pollutants
•   Phytodegredation: breaking down contaminants in plants
•   Phytovolitlization: absorbing contaminants and releasing through stomata
•   Phytoaccumulation: contaminant concentrated in sheets, plan incinerated
Identify defensive features of the plant dermal tissue
•   Casparian strip w/ suberin, trichomes, Silica inclusions, bark, thorns
•   Chemical defenses:
o   Toxins: kill, sicken, disgust herbivores
o   Defensins: peptides with antimicrobial activity
•   Allelopathy: signaling other plants to reduce plant growth/produce some other defense
Provide examples of human uses of plant secondary metabolites: ingested can create beneficial effects
such as protection from viruses, bacteria, and parasites
Describe mutualistic interactions between plants and animals that provide defense for plants
•   Parasitoid wasps, caterpillars, and leaves
•   Acacia tree and ants
Describe the genetic and chemical responses plants use to defend themselves against pathogens and
herbivores
•   Tomato plants: produce systemin in response to wounded leaves, signals the production of
jasmonic acid, turns on genes for proteinase inhibitor (defense genes)
•   Gene-for-gene recognition: Pathogens produce proteins from avirulence genes, plant will
recognize gene through receptor protein made by resistance gene, this initiates a hypersensitive
response

Lesson 5: Plant environment interactions: Signaling
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  Describe phototropism and gravitropism and their adaptive value
•   Phototropism- directional growth response to light, plant bends toward blue light
•   Gravitropism- auxin accumulates in bottom of cells, cells it touches will elongate
o   Stem- accumulates in bottom, it grows up
o   Roots- accumulates in bottom, grow down
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when resources aren’t available
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  Describe the four genetically regulated flowering pathways and explain their role in the model for
flowering
•   Light-dependent pathway: photoperiodic responsesà proportion of light to dark in day
o   Short day plant: flowers when darkness exceeds critical period
o   Long day plant: flowers when darkness is less than critical period

o   Facultative: photoperiod requirement is not absolute
•   Gibberellin pathway: increase in hormone level
•   Autonomous pathway: depends only on nutrients to determine when to flower
Lesson 6: Angiosperm reproduction
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  Distinguish between microgametophytes and megahametophytes
•   Microgametophyte- male gametophyte that develops from the microspore; the pollen grain
•   Megagametophyte: female gametophyte that develops from megaspore; the embryo
3
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  List the products of double fertilization: diploid egg and triploid endosperm
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  Identify the plant structures that give rise to fruits
•   Pericarp- ovary wall, sometimes becomes fleshy or hard when developing into fruits
7

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