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Title: Chemical solutions and colligative properties.
Description: Very short 5 minutes notes for quick revision. All basic and important concepts are there typed. Can be very very helpful just 10 or even 5 minutes before a test( related to the topic). Can also be used as a reference sheet while doing calculations in solutions and colligative properties or doing homework.
Description: Very short 5 minutes notes for quick revision. All basic and important concepts are there typed. Can be very very helpful just 10 or even 5 minutes before a test( related to the topic). Can also be used as a reference sheet while doing calculations in solutions and colligative properties or doing homework.
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Solutions and Colligative properties
Some basic concepts;
...
I
...
Molality >
III
...
Mole fraction >
...
...
...
Definitions;
I
...
“The partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase (p) is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solutions”
p = kx
II
...
p ∝x
p = p0 x
*Solutions which obey Rault’s law over the entire range of
concentration are known as ideal solutions
...
III
...
IV
...
*If the pressure applied on the solution is larger than the osmotic
pressure, then the solvent will flow out of the solution through the
semi-permeable membrane, resulting in reverse osmosis
...
Hence the name RO (reverse osmosis)
...
V
...
Van’s hoff factor i =
Also, i =
...
/
/
=
...
number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total
number of particles present in the solution
...
Colligative properties for ideal solutions;
i
...
=
Elevation in boiling point = Tb – Tb0 = ΔTb
Tb = Boiling point of pure solvent
...
ΔTb = Kb
...
Depression in freezing point = Tf0 – Tf = ΔTf
Tf = Freezing point of solution
...
ΔTf = Kf
...
π = CRT
π = Osmotic pressure
C = molarity or concentration of the
solution
...
T = temperature
...
Colligative properties for non-ideal solutions;
*For the non-ideal solutions van’s hoff factor ‘i’ is added
...
ii
...
Tb0 = Boiling point of pure solution
...
m
iii
...
Tf0 = Freezing point of pure solvent
...
m
iv
...
R = universal gas constant
...
*In case of association “i < 1”, and in case of dissociation “i > 1”
...
i = 1 for ideal-solution
...
SN1 Reaction
SN2 Reaction
Follows 1st order kinetics
...
It’s a two-step reaction
...
Its intermediate is a carbocation
...
Both inversion and retention products
are formed
...
Ease of reaction with alkyl halide follows
the order: 30 > 20 > 10
...
Ease of SN1 ∝stability of the carbocation
...
Ease of reaction is:
R – I > R – Br > R – Cl > R – F
...
Of nucleophile
...
Rate of reaction is ∝[reactant]
[nucleophile], and of order 2
...
Not racemization, but inversion takes
place
...
] means concentration of the medium within the brackets
Title: Chemical solutions and colligative properties.
Description: Very short 5 minutes notes for quick revision. All basic and important concepts are there typed. Can be very very helpful just 10 or even 5 minutes before a test( related to the topic). Can also be used as a reference sheet while doing calculations in solutions and colligative properties or doing homework.
Description: Very short 5 minutes notes for quick revision. All basic and important concepts are there typed. Can be very very helpful just 10 or even 5 minutes before a test( related to the topic). Can also be used as a reference sheet while doing calculations in solutions and colligative properties or doing homework.