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Final Study Guide – B
1
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The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele
• Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is pith; ground tissue external to the vascular
tissue is cortex
• Mature parenchyma cells- Have thin and flexible primary walls
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Are
the least specialized
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Each stomatal pore is flanked by two
guard cells, which regulate its opening
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Angiosperm Reproduction
• Angiosperms can reproduce sexually and asexually
• Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm Flowers consist of four
floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
• Stamens and carpels are reproductive organs; sepals and petals are sterile
• Clusters of flowers are called inflorescences

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Pollen develops from anthers
The embryo sac, or female gametophyte, develops within the ovule
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma
Pollination can be by wind, water, or animals
Wind-pollinated species (e
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, grasses) release large amounts of pollen
Double fertilization results from the discharge of two sperm from the pollen
tube into the embryo sac
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Vascular Transport in Plants
• Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoot
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Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane
against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast
• If a plant cell is placed in a higher solute concentration, it becomes plasmolyzed
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The endodermis is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals
from the cortex into the vascular tissue
• The transport of xylem sap involves transpiration, the evaporation of water from
a plant’s surface, transpirational pull on xylem sap is transmitted from leaves to
roots
• During the night, root pressure sometimes results in guttation, the exudation of
water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
• Water molecules are attracted to cellulose in xylem cell walls through adhesion
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When turgid, guard cells open
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Phloem sap travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink
• Self-thinning is the dropping of sugar sinks such as flowers, seeds, or fruits
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Seasonality is caused by the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation and its revolution,
annual passage around the sun
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Biomes
• Biomes are major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes)
or physical environment (aquatic biomes)
• A climograph plots the temperature and precipitation in a region
• Terrestrial biomes usually grade into each other, the area of intergradation,
called an ecotone, may be wide or narrow
• Vertical layering of terrestrial biomes in a forest consist of an upper canopy, lowtree layer, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous plants, forest floor, and
root layer
• In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, while in tropical dry forests
precipitation is highly seasonal
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The photic and aphotic zones make up the
pelagic zone
Deepest in the aphotic zone lies the abyssal zone
The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones is called
the benthic zone
In oceans and most lakes, a temperature boundary called the thermocline
separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water
Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called turnover
Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich
Eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in
winter
Headwaters are generally cold, clear, turbulent, swift, and oxygen rich; they are
often narrow and rocky
Downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid, and
more oxygenated; they are often wide, meandering, and have silty bottoms
An estuary is a transition area between river and sea
Coral reefs are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
(cnidarians)



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