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Socio Gender 208: Study guide for Final Exam !!!!!!
Answer all Questions & Study Both Chapters:
Multiple choice= Ch
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What is religion and religiosity?
Religion is the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or
gods
...
It is a sense of reassurance for
humans
...
"
Religiosity is characterized by excessive involvement in religious activities
...

2
...
S
...
g
...

Example: Black women have historically been religious because of their ancestors’ status as slaves
...

The explanations for Gender Differences in religiosity are:
Childhood socialization – Women are taught to be submissive, obedient, and nurturing
...

Personalized social status – Women are more likely than men to have domestic responsibilities (e
...
,
housework, child care)
...
Women are presumed to have more time than men to engage in religion related activities
(“extracurricular”)
...
Another 15% of the adult population identified as having no religious affiliation
...
S
...
The United States has
more Christians than any other country in the world
...
S
...
If change in affiliation from one type of Protestantism to another is included, 44% of adults have
either switched religious affiliation, moved from being unaffiliated with any religion to being affiliated
with a particular faith, or dropped any connection to a specific religious tradition altogether
...
What do Americans think that God look Like? Why does God tend to have a male-like figure
exhibiting masculine characteristics?
What do Americans think that God looks like: 42% of Americans believe God is male
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1% believe God is female
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38% believe God has no sex
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God is not male, but a spiritual, being
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4
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Judaism:
--Orthodox jews- Most conservative
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Women; must prioritize wife and mother roles
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--Reform Jews- Opposite of orthodox Jews
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--Conservative Jews- Many traditional teachings remain
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Women are encouraged to participate in their children's religious education
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Christianity:
– Both men and women spread the word of God, but there is evidence of sexism in leadership and
social status in; Biblical passages, Past and current leadership positions (e
...
, Popes, priests, cardinals,
ministers, nuns)
...
g
...
Catholicism is arguably one of the most sexist and strictest
Christian denominations
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Islam:
--Female infanticide, selective abortion, and polygamy were common
...
Men hold leadership
positions in public and private domains, while women hold strong positions at home
...
Examples:
Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia
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What are roles of Women in Christianity ? Discuss the perspectives of Christianity toward
homosexuals
...

Christian believers perspectives on homosexuals:
they believe that it is the manifestation of the sin nature that all people share
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Homosexuality is a perversion of heterosexuality, which is God's plan for His
creation
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Does religion cause the subordination of women, or do people use religion as a justification to
subordinate women? Explain your argument
...
The reason
and the explanations for Gender Differences in religiosity are: Childhood socialization – Women are
taught to be submissive, obedient, and nurturing
...
Also by, personalized social status – Women are more likely than men to have domestic
responsibilities (e
...
, housework, child care)
...
Women are presumed to have more time than men to engage in religion
related activities (“extracurricular”)
...
So that women can't
question, the gendered inequality because the religion/god states/says so
...
Patriarchy is a social structural phenomenon in
which males have the privilege of dominance over females, both visibly and subliminally
...
Patriarchy is a function of male
physical, social, economic, and political power
...
Furthermore, property, residence,
and descent all proceed exclusively through the male line
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7
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These two notions influence each other greatly and also keep each other in check, that is why
they always had a long history of a intertwined relations
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What is feminist spirituality? What is ecofeminism?
Feminist Spirituality: It is often referred to as “spiritual ecofeminism” or “myth feminism
...
In other words, spiritual feminism seeks to empower women spiritually,
often by returning to pre-Abrahamic religions, like Native American and Wiccan spirituality
...
”“Feminist theology is a movement found in
several religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism
...

Ecofeminism: Ecofeminism connects the exploitation and domination of women with that of the
environment
...
Women and nature
are also united through their shared history of oppression by a patriarchal western society
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What is health, as defined by the World Health Organization? What is life expectancy? What is
mortality? What is morbidity?
 The World health organization defines health as, the general physical, mental, and social wellbeing of an individual
...

 Mortality is, the percentage of deaths in a population
...

2
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Miscarriages are more likely to be male fetuses
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It result which creates
a greater chance male fetuses are more likely to be miscarriages
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3
...
S
...
S
...
Also, the wives serve as the
family caretakers, who ensure all family members are healthy
...
S
...
Wives experience a “second shift”, which results in a
stressful balance between home and work
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What are the causes of death for men vs
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Male mortality rate 84% > female
mortality rate
...
The reason why men are more likely to be
smokers, is because men are more likely to have Type A personality (competitive, aggressive,
unemotional) masculine traits
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But women are more likely to die
from coronary bypass surgery
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They don't seem to take women's heart issues a serious as
men because most doctors are men, therefore are subconsciously bias
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#1 contributor to both men and women’s cancer mortality rate is lung cancer
...

The reason for the differences between cancer mortalities vs
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Lastly, some cancers are easier to treat depending on the location and advancement of the
tumors
...

Despite living longer, women have higher morbidity rates than men
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Lower income (and other forms of gender inequality) can mean greater health risks among elderly
women
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Gender Differences in Eating Disorder:
Women are more likely than men to battle anorexia and bulimia because of the strong influence from
the mass media
...
There is also
advertisements on make-up, and that reinforces the notion of “ideal” beauty/woman
...

5
...
S
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”Women were seen as non-contributors in
society and therefore treatment for them was not top priority
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The gender differences in the medical profession:
In the medical profession, there is more white male medical students
...

Lastly, a gender differences in the medical profession; the widespread sexual harassment experienced
by female physicians, particularly young female doctors and especially in male-dominated specialty
areas (e
...
, surgery)
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What is feminist health care and feminist therapy?
Feminist health care is; has been since 1977, it strives to empower women through service, education,
and advocacy
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Feminist therapy is; a set of related therapies
...
Feminist therapy contends that women are in a
disadvantaged position in the world due to sex, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, religion, age and other
categories
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Answer All Essay Questions;
Two long essays = Ch
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Why study sex & Gender?

Fields and occupations ( e
...
medicine, history, biology, psychology, sociology etc
...

2
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**Sociology is a Social Science
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Sociologist rather base/use more
gathered information and analyzed evidence in a scientific way
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A major learning goal is understand how sociology is similar to and different from other social
sciences and what is distinctive about sociology as a field of study
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A threshold learning goal is the understanding that humans are social beings
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3
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Some understanding of the term, theoretical paradigm, is
necessary
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What is a theory or paradigm? Why do we need theories? ( Paradigm vs
...
Paradigm can consist of
many social theories!
Social theory – an explanation of how variables are related to understand human behavior
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Define the 2 major sociological theories (functionalism and feminism)
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What is feminism? What are the 3 waves of the
U
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feminist movement? What is the future of U
...
feminism?
Feminism ( Conflict Theory):Macro-level theory that explains how the social construction of gender
creates inequality between men and women
Example: Tensions can arise between men and women from the desire to pursue equal opportunities in
education and the workplace
...
S
...

Outcome #1: Violence, hostility, arrests
Outcome #2: Middle/upper class White women received the right to higher education
Outcome #3: Few women were appointed to government policy-making positions
Legislation: 19th Amendment to the U
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Constitution (1920)
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Legislations: “Equal” Pay Act of 1963, Roe v
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3rd wave (1980s to present) – Reduce inequalities across all women
...
more
industrialized nations
...
S
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racial/ethnic minority women
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Know the history and significant contributions of the following early feminists:
*Elizabeth Blackwell*: First women to graduate from medical school in the United States, as well as
the first woman on the UK Medical Register
...
She was the first
openly identified woman to graduate from medical school, a pioneer in promoting the education of
women in medicine in the United States, and a social and moral reformer in both the United States and
in Britain
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Margaret Sanger: Was an American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse
...

*Maria Stewart*: Was an African- American journalist, lecturer, abolitionist, and women's rights
activist
...
She was also the first African- American woman to lecture about women’s rights, make a
public anti-slavery speech and the first African-American woman to make public lectures
...
Sojourner Truth
is best known for her extemporaneous speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?" delivered at the
Ohio Women's Rights Convention in 1851 at the Women's Rights Convention
...

*Ida Wells-Barnett*: Was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist,
and an early leader in the civil rights movement
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Frances Willard: Was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist
...
She became the national president of Woman's
Christian Temperance Union
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She was
also the first woman to start a weekly newspaper and an activist for women's rights and labor reforms
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Betty Friedan: Was an American writer, activist, and feminist
...
She became the first president of the National
Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now
fully equal partnership with men"
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What is gender stratification? What is sexism? What are gender stereotypes?
Stratification: It is any given society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers
based on factors like wealth, income, social status, occupation, and power
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“Doing gender” (social theorists Candace West and Don Zimmerman, 1977):
Girls – pink, dresses, dolls, cooking, politeness, submission
Boys – blue, pants, trucks, grilling, aggression, competition
7
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Sex vs
...
Gender is culturally appropriate behaviors/attitudes for males and females based
on their sex
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Patriarchy vs
...
Matriarchy is a a
system of society or government ruled by a woman or women
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Symbolic interactionism –Micro-level theory that explains how symbols in society influence our
interactions with one another
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Feminism (Is in the branch of conflict theory) - macro
Functionalism (macro
...

* Macro-level theory that explains how different parts of society work together to create stability or
equilibrium
...
g
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**CHAPTER 4: EARLY CHILDHOOD GENDER SOCIALIZATION**
1
...

Gender is learned, because gender is culturally appropriate behaviors/attitudes for males and females
based on their sex (i
...
, masculinity vs
...
Socialization is the, process by which people learn socially appropriate behaviors and
attitudes of their group
...
What is socialization? What is gender socialization?
Socialization – process by which people learn socially appropriate behaviors and attitudes of their
group
...
Sociologists explain through gender socialization why human males and females behave
in different ways: they learn different social roles
...

3
...

Bandura’s theory lead to modern-day patriarchal dominance because it kept a double gendered
standard
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Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender Socialization:
Jean Piaget – Gender schema theory
...
Children see that men
and women are different (based on cues they see), and thus they dress and behave differently according
to their sex
...

4
...
What are
examples of countries around the world that illustrate this sex preference? What are the differences in
communication styles of parents with their sons vs
...
S
...
The

default response: “I want a healthy baby
...
S
...
Recent data
(2006) – U
...
and some European nations – college women, first-time mothers, and middle class young
adults prefer daughters or no preference at all
...

Gender socialization occurs through such diverse means as parental attitudes, schools, how peers
interact with each other, and mass media
...
Some researchers believe that biological differences underlie some behavioral
differences between males and females; others disagree
...
How do toys and the retail industry contribute to gender socialization?
The toys and the retail industry contribute to gender socialization by targeting specific toys to particular
sex's
...

6
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The girl is displayed with
no value until the chivalry man comes to rescue her
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What effects do peers have on the socialization process?
Peers have a very strong effect on socialization process by peer pressure
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**CHAPTER 5: SCHOOLS AND GENDER**
1
...
S
...
Educated, White, upper-class women were taught at home
and did not receive the same quality of instruction as men
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The industrialization (beginning in the 19th century) changed the education for women because it had
become a norm, a way for women to become a socially appropriate wife to their elite husbands, not a
preparation for the workforce
...
In 1918, U
...
had mandatory education laws for
all students under age 16
...

Title IX of 1972 – No sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity
...
There is a rise in female college students
and graduate school students
...
What is the evidence of gender inequality in primary schools, secondary schools,
colleges/universities, and graduate schools? Know trends across these levels
...

Some evidence of gender inequality in the different levels of educational institutes: Boys are more
likely than girls to, have their entry to kindergarden postponed, be held back in grade level, score
higher on standardized tests ( because males cognitive process is more prone to standardized test
compared to females who are not
...
But girls are more likely than boys to have better grades ( even in math
and science)
...
Lastly,
the way teachers interact differently between the two genders is an important evidence of gender
inequality
...

3
...
How do these
curricula contribute to gender socialization in schools?
Formal curriculum: consists of the courses, lessons, and learning activities students participate in, as
well as the knowledge and skills educators intentionally teach to students, the hidden curriculum
consists of the unspoken academic, social, and cultural messages that are communicated to students
while they are in school
...
It is based on the recognition that students recognize and
absorb lessons in school that may—for example, how they should interact with peers, teachers, and
other adults; how they should perceive different races, groups, or classes of people; or what ideas and
behaviors are considered acceptable or unacceptable
...
What is the significance of Title IX in the context of gender inequality?
Title IX of 1972 – no sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity
...
How can girls and women be empowered in the education system?
Girls and women can be empowered in the education system by: Educating and training girls and
women in formal and non-formal education, from early childcare and development to primary,
secondary, and higher education, in vocational education and training, literacy and lifelong learning
...
Mainly and consistently have the core value/focus and emphasis on the importance of education
in promoting gender equality and the advancement of women
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What are semantic derogation and linguistic sexism? Give examples of these concepts
...
An Example; Slut bashing
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Examples:Policeman,Mailman,Handyman,Manpower,Mankind,Mr
...
Mrs
...
/Miss,Best Man
vs
...
or Mrs
...
D
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How do men and women communicate differently? How do these communication styles vary by
sexual orientation and by culture?
Gender Communication Styles:
Linguistic research suggests women’s communication styles tend to be more intimate and expressive
than those of men
...

Self-fulfilling prophecy – If society believes women are more emotional and men are more aggressive,
we may actually be predicting their outcomes
...
The reason for
that is because teachers in elementary school interacted and had different expectations from the
students, according to their gender
...

Communication styles can vary depending on the social environment, sex of the other person, and the
topic of conversation
...
How are women and men portrayed in the media? How is this portrayal related to the reflection
hypothesis and symbolic annihilation?
Gender stereotypes in Mass Media:
Cross-cultural comparisons
...
S – women in stereotyped roles
...

4
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Gender and Newspapers:
Newspaper readership has declined since mid-1980s
...
g
...
Women are more likely to go to social
...
g
...
Newspapers traditionally are not written for women
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Men and women have different interests when reading newspapers
...
How is female athleticism portrayed in the media compared to male athleticism?
Female athleticism are portrayed in the media as gentle and motherly compared to male athleticism
who are displayed as tuff and strong
...
How are magazines tailored for girls and women different from those targeting boys and men? Are
there differences in the messages, the stories, the writing, etc
...

Traditional messages include physical appearance, beauty, and healthy lifestyles
...

Traditional stories focus on hard work, financial success, body image, and sports
...
How are men and women portrayed in advertisements and commercials? What are the messages
sent to society about men and women through these avenues?
Gender and Advertisements:
Women should take care of the children
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Men should be sexually promiscuous, have multiple partners, even at an early age, is ok
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Men should be muscular, and use steroids or extreme exercising to build upper body strength
may be common
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What is the debate on violence and media as it relates to gender? Discuss the 3 theories explaining
violence and media: cathartic effect, modeling effect, and catalytic effect
...
In the media
a “real” man is perpetuate the gender stereotype or expectations by have the males act aggressive and
violent
...
The cathartic effect hypothesis supports the
notion that watching violent television programs and movies fuels a person to be more violent and
aggressive
...

Catalytic effect: If you describe a person or thing as having a catalytic effect, you mean that they cause
things to happen or they increase the speed at which things happen
...
How does the origin of the word “family” suggest patriarchy?
Derived from the Latin word “Famulus”- household servant or slave
A man's “family” traditionally included his wife, children, and servants
...

2
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Isolated nuclear family Or an elementary family, is a term used to define a family group
consisting of a pair of adults and their children
...
expressive family role: In traditional families among societies
throughout the world the husband is more likely to provide material support and primary leadership
authority within the family and the wife is more likely to provide affection and moral support
...

3
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The reason for these trends are occurring: the economy decline, more population and diversity, and
cultures interacting and mixing therefore influencing each other's social family aspects/cultures
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Increased individualism – greater emphasis on “me” – increased need to go to college and establish
career before settling down
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4
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People moved away from extended family members, thus forming the “isolated nuclear family”
...
Caretakers are more likely to be non-family members
( daycare, babysitters
...

5
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The causes are; Change in family composition/structure, educational and /or labor market
inequalities, political or legal barriers
...

6
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It also described as "the burden of poverty borne by
women, especially in developing countries”
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What is the sexual double standard? How is this an unfair ideology?

A sexual double standard exists when the sexual behaviors of men and women are judged by different
societal expectations and standards
...
When sexually experienced women are characterized as
“sluts”, while men with similar sexual experience are considered to be “studs” or “players”, we can
also see a sexual double standard at work
...
What is an economy? What is a labor force? How are these two concepts related?
Economy is: The system for the management and development of a society's human and material
resources
...

These concepts relates because without labor force there isn't a strong/stable economy or an economy
period
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What is occupational sex segregation? What are the reasons for and consequences of this type of
segregation? What are examples of occupations that are segregated by sex? How are these
occupations viewed by society?
Occupational resegregation: sex integrated occupations become re-segregated with members of one sex
replaced by members of the opposite sex as the predominant workers
...
Establishment sex segregation:
-Industry sex segregation: A form of occupational sex segregation in which women and men hold the
same job title in a particular field or industry, but actually perform different jobs
...

3
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The implications; Glass ceiling Vs
...

Glass escalator- invisible accelerator to promotion of men in predominantly female occupations ( e
...
,
nursing, teach
...


4
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The mother wage penalty, is working mothers encounter systematic disadvantage in pay
...
What is welfare reform? What roles does this legislation have on reducing the feminization of
poverty?
What is the welfare reform:a movement to change the federal government's social welfare policy by
shifting some of the responsibility to the states and cutting benefits
...


6
...
S
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The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( FMLA): Gives up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave,
applicable to workers who work in a company with 50+ employees
...
S
...
A simple example of capitalist, "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch"
...
Capitalism presents itself as an engine of innovation and 'economic development' is
aggressively promoted as a benefit for all, though its impact on individuals' lives is far from an
unqualified benefit
...
What are the various legislations designed to promote gender equality in the workplace?
The various legislations designed to promote gender equality in the workplace: Equal Pay Act 1963,
and affirmative action

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