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Desire B
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strong staff?
Answer:"spokes of the wheel" staff model (presidential management style)
---the white house has few layers of heirarchy, and the president is accessible to many different
assistants; this is good for a president with unclear policy goals but can be a waste of time and
resources
*Circular Structure/Wheel and Spoke
----A method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to
the president
Pro: great deal of info gathered at once
Con: possible confusion/conflict

▪ *Ad Hoc Structure
Answer:A method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and
informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president
Pro: flexible, creative, and distinct
Con: possible isolation for those who make the important decisions
 In vs
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▪ *Honeymoon Period
Answer: the time following an election when a president's popularity is high and congressional
relations are likely to be productive
Around 100 days

▪ *What hinders a presidential program?
Answer:Time constraints
Unexpected crises
Difficult to change things
▪ An example of the shotgun approach to grassroots lobbying-(Rival vs
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--An example of a lobbyist who is referred to as a "hired gun?"Answer: A former politician
who is paid
 Hocracy?
Answer:Holacracy is a social technology or system of organizational governance in which authority
and decision-making are distributed throughout a holarchy of self-organizing teams rather than being
vested in a management hierarchy
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The work is actually more structured than in a conventional company, just differently so
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 Which of the following would be an example of “ adhocracies”?
Answer: Adhocracy is a flexible, adaptable and informal form of organization that is defined by a
lack of formal structure
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Part 3: essay questions
 Stages of policy making processes?
Answer: there are **7 Stesps/Stages**; 1st- Problem recognition - identification of an issue, 2ndAgenda setting - process of forming list of issues to address, 3rd-Policy formulation - creating
appropriate courses of action, 4th-Policy adoption - approval of a policy proposal, 5th-Budgeting allocating resources for implementation, 6th-Policy implementation - carrying out policy & 7th-Policy
evaluation - process of whether implementation is working
 Mayhew argument was ___?
Answer: Why would members with the goal of reelection allow the existence of congressional parties
that can force them to behave in any way that might threaten their electoral interests?
▪ What 3 factors limit powers of congress?

Answer:limited gov't, federal gov't, only power to delegate what is given to it

▪ What are the 3 types of delegated powers?
Answer: expressed, implied, inherent
▪ Delegated powers of national government that are spelled out in the constitution?
Answer: expressed powers
▪ Delegated powers of national government that are suggested by expressed powers in
constitution?
Answer: implied powers
▪ Powers the constitution is presumed to have delegated in national government because
it is the gov't of a sovereign state within the world community?
Answer: inherent powers

Important Vocab:
 **Constitutional framework:
Answer:
 Policy & their environment:
Answer:
 **Problem ID/ agenda setting:
Answer:
 *Mayhew:
Answer:
 criteria for policy choice:
Answer:
 policy adoption:
Answer:
 policy formulation:
Answer:
 meeting reflection goal:
Answer:
 Policy functions of organizational design:
Answer:
 Delegates powers:
Answer:


Inherent powers:

Answer:
 Informal powers:
Answer:
 Neustadn's view of pres
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Policy Cycle Approach: 6 Stages(Reading From- Anderson)


Problem identification:



Policy formulation:



Root/branch increment



Policy adoption:



Implementation:



Evaluation:



Termination

Different Categories:


Types of public policy:



Symbolic policy makers:;



Policy making environment:



Problem identification- agenda settings:



Getting on agenda:

**Important Vocab***:


Constituent:



Distribution:



Regulatory:

 Redistribution:
--instruments; 1
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2
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▪ Public Policy
Answer:Not only field of Inquiry but also a Practice
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Includes question of values that guides what we should
do "what do we ought to do"
- Study of government decisions aimed at dealing with issues of public concern
- goal is to understand how issues get on the policy agenda, what determines how policy choices are
made, and how we are to understand the proper role of government in the policy process
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- essentially: Why does government engage in some policy activities and avoid others?
• WHAT ARE OUR SOCIAL AND POLITICALLY DEFINED NEEDS
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- Public policy- when where and how- politics is involved
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Coming up with recommendations that speak to question of problems
we are facing or helps with them
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- You're doing both descriptive and normative analysis (Even though there is an analytical distinction
between positive/normative but in practice the line that defines them blurs because in many instances
you are doing both)

▪ Scarcity
Answer: basic challenge confronting public policy (ever-present aspect of human condition)
- Limited resources where human wants may be limitless
Key: Insufficient resources to satisfy all wants?
The big question: How do we allocate scare resources?
• There are constraints on resources- We want to maximize people's well being
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Scarcity exists because there are insufficient resources to
satisfy all wants
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▪ Positive Analysis
Answer:: aka Value-neutral analysis/Value-Free policy analysis
-Descriptive - describes relationships as they are
- concerned with understanding how policy process works through rational analysis
- tries to pursue truth through testing hypotheses
- by narrowing focus to empirical studies- reduces relevance of policy analysis for policy makers
- reduces the importance of values in policy debates by shifting the discussion to cost-benefit analysis
or the appropriate way to test a hypothesis
-a statement about "what is" and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval
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"The moon is made of green cheese" is
incorrect, but it is a positive statement because it is a statement about what exists
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g
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- Expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable
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" Notice that there is no way of disproving this statement
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▪ *Agenda
Answer: List of issues or subjects to which governmental officials are paying serious attention
- some items may get on the policy agenda only to disappear by the crush of other issues, the resurface
later in slightly modified forms
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▪ Agenda Setting
Answer: What issues get on the Agenda and who puts them there?
There the pluralist and elitist perspective to determine how to prioritize certain items that become
issues that society turns their attention to
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- the desire for policies to provide for individual needs is insatiable while room on agenda is scarce
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- They dynamics of a changing political environment, new political players, policy entrepreneurs, and
new windows of opportunity are major elements in new issues gaining a place on the agenda
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g
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The conservative reaction that swept Ronald Reagan to
the presidency provided window of opportunity for the reduction of social welfare legislation and the
introduction of supply-side economics on the agenda
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(e
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, health care
reform languished on policy agenda for years until President Obama proclaimed it would be a major
policy initiative of his administration
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So even though getting
on the policy agenda provides no assurance that an issue will go further, failure to get on guarantees ti
won't go anywhere
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That is, they
begin with the current set of circumstances and consider changing things in only a small way
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- The best predictor of what next year's federal budget allocations will be is this year's allocations
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- also assumes the rational self-interest approach of individuals and groups
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- This also results in relatively small changes in existing policy
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If the budget is growing, each
program gets approx the same percentage increase, with those programs having strong support getting a
slightly larger increase and those waning support receiving slightly less
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▪ Policy Formulation
Answer: Setting goals, listing and selecting alternatives
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Rational Analysis
b
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Satisficing
- how do we address the problem?
-influenced by how we define the problem
- two ways to define the problem: punitive (intended as punishment) or fact of life

▪ Satisficing
Answer: Adopting a policy acceptable from all viewpoints rather than choosing "best" possible
solution, because it might prove unacceptable to so many decisionmakers that it would be voted down
if proposed- result of incrementalism

▪ Adoption
Answer: Debate over issue of policy compromise, negotiation
redefinition or altering of policy (design)

▪ Implementation
Answer: Making the policy work, Carrying out the policy
hard thinking of implementation during policy design
- Implementation improves if:
*policy is clearly stated
*designed appropriately
*consistent with other policy objectives

▪ Evaluation
Answer: referendum process
- assessment of how a program achieves its intended goals
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- This feedback permits modifications in the policy to improve its efficiency and effectiveness
-can be used to evaluate expenditure of funds to see that they were spent according to terms or law or
grant

**Environmental Policy Midterm Exam**-notes:
url: https://quizlet
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com/68528172/policy-models-and-policymaking-process-flash-cards/

 Models for policy analysis:
-Model: a simplified representation of some aspect of the real world
-Models help us identify and understand policy problems, suggest explanations for policy, and predict
consequences
 Institutional model:
-Gov
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Institution
-Gov
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Institutional arrangement affect
 Rational choice model:
-A rational policy is one that achieves maximum social gain
-How to achieve maximum social gain:
1) costs of policy should not exceed benefits
2) the best policy is one that produces the greatest benefit over cost
 Assumptions of rational model:
-To select a rational policy, policy makers must:
1) Know society's value preferences and their relative weights
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on all alternatives
 Incremental model:

-Incrementalism views public policy as a continuation of past gov
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-Public policy the equilibrium reached in the group struggle
 Elite model:
-Suggests that people are apathetic and ill-informed about public policy
-Argue that elite shape mass opinion on policy questions more than the masses
-Public policy is based upon the preferences of the elite
-Public officials merely carry out policies decided on elites
Characteristics of elite model:
1
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Elites from upper socioeconomic strata
3
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Change in policy incremental
5
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4) A possible solution must exist
-The definition of a policy problem can change over time (generalization, values change over time)
-Typically, policy problem results from a situation in which people that need help from the gov
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-Other times, however, many problems never get addressed
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-Agenda setting from the bottom up:
1) Individuals and groups, candidates seeking office, media, protest groups
2) Democratic-pluralist model
3) Assumes that in an open society any problem can be identified by anyone
-Agenda setting from top down:
1) Elites define the problem, set the agenda
2) Agenda set by leaders in business, finance, education, the media, and gov
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's responsibility
3) Instill fear at the consequence of action
 Policy formulation:
-The development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the public agenda
-Policy is formulated by several different actors including:
1) Gov
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by providing expertise
-Policy formulation from the bureaucracy involves:
1) Discretion on how to implement the law
2) Part of iron triangle (interest group, departments, congressional subcommittees)
-Think-tanks are policy planning groups that are influential in a range of key policy areas
-Bring together influential actors in society with a goal to develop explicit policies designed to resolve
national problems
-Most influential think tanks include:
1)Brookings Institute (liberal)

2) American Enterprise Institute (conservative)
3) Heritage Foundation (conservative)
4) Council on Foreign Relations (foreign policy)
-Interest groups influence gov
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spend $700 million on lobbying
for Obamacare
-Interest groups frequently develop policy proposals, write bills, and forward them to gov
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institutions and the public policy in legitimizing policy
-Several aspects of legitimization
1) Formal lawmaking process
2) Party influence
3) President influence
4) Constituency influence
5) Contributor influence
 **Policy implementation:
-Implementation involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by Congress
-The bureaucracy is responsible for implementing policy
-The bureaucracy includes EPA, FDA
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IRS, CIA, etc
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com/17414296/us-government-policy-making-domestic-policy-flash-cards/

**( Potential Essay Questionst)**
 Policy making is often ________ ________ ?
Answer: non rational
 why is policy making often non-rational?
Answer: compromises b/w interest groups
instead of reviewing laws, policies
-we don't preemptively fix things
 what are the unintended consequences of policy making?
Answer:must look at how/whether implementation takes place
-doesn't always work out the way we want
 what is agenda setting?
Answer: not an agenda >no outcome
-on the agenda is things that people are concerned about
ex: legalization of marijuana
-scientists determined how issues got on the agenda
-when it's important enough to create policy about, it gets on the agenda


who is interested in policy making?
Answer:interest groups,parties & corporations

 what are the three ways to get effectively implement policy?
Answer:naming,blaming & claiming
 what is naming? (effective way to implement policy)?
Answer:name issue so it appeals to the public
-example: something appealing and easy to understand
-such as calling the education policy- no child left behind
 what is blaming? (effective way to implement policy)?
Answer:identify someone to blame
-always want to blame someone that the public doesn't like
-example: Truman during elections blamed congress when he ran for re-election
-even if not to blame, identify someone to blame
-example: blaming unemployed for unemployment
 what is claiming? (effective way to implement policy)?
Answer:make specific demands on government and define issues so that policy to deal w/ it will be
supported
 what are the five issue characteristics that groups can use to gain backers?
Answer:ambiguity,social significance,temporal relevance,non-technical issue definition,categorical

precedence or make sure issue is seen as unique so that officials cannot handle it as they did a past
problem
 what is ambiguity? (5 issue characteristics that groups can use to gain backers)?
Answer: things can have more than one meaning,be non-specific,make sure appeals to large numbers
of people
 what is social significance? ( 5 issue characteristics that groups can use to gain backers)?
Answer:already a part of the public interest-trending issue
 what is temporal relevance? (5 issue characteristics that groups can use to gain backers)?
Answer:relevant at the time-exaggerate urgency "we must do this now! or
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when they talk about budgets, most people's eyes glaze over


what is categorical precedence or make sure issue is seen as unique so that officials cannot
handle it as they did a past problem? (5 issue characteristics that groups can use to gain
backers)

Answer:must be presented extremely differently than anything else so that they can see, we've dealt
with this before, in this way
 Whenever a policy is initiated, there are always unintended
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com/11638232/ap-gov-policymaking-flash-cards/


political agenda: issues that people believe require governmental action

▪ majoritarian politics: a policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost
everybody pays

▪ interest group politics: a policy in which one small group benefits and another small
group pays

▪ policy entrepreneurs: activists in or out of government who pull together a political
majority on behalf of unorganized interests

▪ process regulation: rules governing commercial activities designed to improve
consumer, worker, or environmental condition
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com/672009/chapter-1-ap-us-gov-flash-cards/


government: The institutions and processes through which public policies are made for a
society
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Voting is the most common but not the only
means of political participation in a democracy
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▪ single-issue groups: Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise,
and often draw membership from people new to politics
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▪ policymaking system: The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over
time
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These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more
interests, problems, and concerns
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In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political
parties, interest groups, and the media
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▪ political issue: An issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to
fix it
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The U
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Constitution established three policymaking institutions- the
Congress, the presidency, and the courts
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▪ public policy: A choice that government makes in response to a political issue
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▪ pluralist theory: A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is
mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies
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

elite and class theory: A theory of government and politics contending that societies are
divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties
of governmental organization
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▪ Hyperpluralism: A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so
strong that government is weakened
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It is compared to elite and class theory, pluralist theory, and
traditional democratic theory
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The result is that nothing may get done
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com/15793036/american-government-midterm-flash-cards/

▪ *Oligarchy: Rule by a few
▪ *Block grant: A federal grant that provides funds to a state or local government for a
general functional area, such as a criminal justice or mental-health program

▪ *Conference committee: A special joint committee appointed to reconcile differences
when bills pass the two chambers of Congress in different forms
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▪ *logrolling: an arrangement in which two or more members of Congress agree in
advance to support each other's bills

▪ *Oversight:The process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure
that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended
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com/17570447/ap-us-government-midterm-review-flash-cards/

▪ Plurality: Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily
more than half
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▪ Simple majority: 50% + 1
▪ Super majority: A two-thirds majority
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▪ Elite theory: A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided
along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties
of governmental organization
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The Declaration of Independence reflects Locke's view that governments derive their
authority from the consent of the governed
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These institutions continually check one another's activities
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▪ Electoral College: A unique American institution created by the Constitution that
provides for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties
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▪ Ex Post Facto Law: A law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that
was not against the law when it was committed

▪ Full Faith and Credit Clause: A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution
requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by
the courts of other states
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S
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▪ **Judicial review: The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and,
by implication, the executive are in accord with the U
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Constitution
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Madison
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Madison (1803): The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall
and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning
of the U
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Constitution
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▪ Necessary and proper clause (Elastic clause): the final paragraph of Article I, Section
8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and
proper" to carry out the enumerated powers
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The Constitution states that congress has the power to "make all laws
necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I
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▪ write of habeas corpus: A court order requiring explanation to a judge as to why a
prisoner is being held in custody
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People express themselves through voting and
free participation in government
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▪ Concurrent powers: Powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments
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▪ Preemption legislation: Laws passed by Congress that override or preempt state or
local policies
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▪ Shared federalism (cooperative): A system in which the national and state
governments share in providing citizens with a set of goods
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▪ Commerce clause:The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that
gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect
more than one state or other nations
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▪ Lemon test: The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass
before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither
advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion
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The Constitution
requires that the government conduct an "actual enumeration" of the population every
10 years
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In the United States, linkage institutions include
elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media
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