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Title: Science 9 Notes
Description: A collection of topics from Science 9 including Integrative Levels of Organization, the periodic table, matter, and also basic scientific concepts like significant figures and graph requirements. Includes a large collection of practice problems and is designed for final exam reviewing as it doesn't go very in depth in all topics.
Description: A collection of topics from Science 9 including Integrative Levels of Organization, the periodic table, matter, and also basic scientific concepts like significant figures and graph requirements. Includes a large collection of practice problems and is designed for final exam reviewing as it doesn't go very in depth in all topics.
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HSB Semester Exam Study Guide
Table of Contents
⦁
Table of Contents
⦁
Introduction to Science
⦁
Matter
⦁
⦁
Water
⦁
Polarity
⦁
Electronegativity
⦁
Classification of Matter
⦁
Separation of Mixtures
⦁
Properties of Matter
⦁
⦁
Key Information and Concepts
States of Matter and Phase Changes
Integrative Levels of Organization
⦁
⦁
Microscopes
⦁
⦁
Levels of Organization
Chemicals in Water
Periodic Table
⦁
⦁
Families (Groups)
⦁
⦁
Periodic Table Overview
Periods
Practice Problems
⦁
Introduction to Science Practice
⦁
Matter Practice
⦁
Integrative Levels of Organization Practice
⦁
⦁
Microscope Practice
Periodic Table Practice
⦁
Calculating Atomic Mass Practice
⦁
Finding Elements
⦁
Atomic Structure Practice
1
Introduction to Science
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
Theory - an explanation for why certain laws and facts exist that can be tested to
determine its accuracy
...
Scientifically disproven beliefs can still be held to
be true
...
It is often a mathematical statement of how two
or more quantities relate to each other
...
Analyze Specific Graphs:
https://docs
...
com/a/arrowheadschools
...
p14
Matter
2
Key Information and Concepts
Properties and other aspects of water
Polarity Information
Electronegativity
Classification of Matter
Separation of Mixtures
Properties of Matter
States of Matter
Water
⦁
Water has no color, taste, or smell
⦁
“The Universal Solvent”
⦁
Solid at 0 degrees Celsius and vapor at 100 degrees Celsius
⦁
Uneven distribution of charges
⦁
Like a magnet with poles
⦁
Forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules (Between hydrogen and
oxygen )
Cohesion - Attraction between molecules of the same substance
⦁
Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances
⦁
Surface Tension
⦁
⦁
⦁
⦁
Keeps objects more dense than water from sinking
Result of the cohesiveness of water
Capillary Action
⦁
Water moves into a small space
⦁
May be against greater force
⦁
Cohesive and adhesive properties
Polarity
⦁
Polarity - a physical property that relates to many others
⦁
⦁
Solubility
⦁
⦁
Melting, boiling, and freezing points
Intermolecular interactions between molecules
The polarity of water increases the intermolecular space and allows water to
3
expand when freezing
⦁
Phase Changes
⦁
Physical changes
⦁
Energy increases during a phase change
⦁
Temperature remains the same
⦁
Intermolecular forces change
Electronegativity
Electronegativity - the measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical
bond
⦁ Each element on the periodic table is assigned an electronegativity value from
0
...
0
⦁ The difference in the electronegativity determines the bonding type
⦁
Ionic (Difference of 1
...
4 to 1
...
0 to 0
...
Many homogeneous mixtures are solutions
...
Physical Properties
⦁
Color
⦁
Odor
⦁
Luster (to be shiny or glossy)
⦁
Malleability (ability of the substance to be beaten into thin sheets)
⦁
Hardness (how easily the substance can be scratched)
⦁
Conductivity (to allow flow of energy or electricity)
⦁
Solubility (ability to dissolve a solvent)
⦁
Melting Point
⦁
Boiling Point
⦁
Etc
States of Matter and Phase Changes
⦁
There are 5 States of Matter
⦁
⦁
Liquid
⦁
Gas
⦁
Plasma
⦁
⦁
Solid
B
...
C
...
(10x) * (40x) = 400x -> we can see more details at high power, but with a smaller
FOV
How to Use a Microscope:
⦁ Turn on the microscope and rotate the red objective (scanning) into
place
⦁ Place a slide on stage and secure it with the stage clips
...
⦁ Rotate the nosepiece to view the image under different powers
⦁
Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the image
⦁
Record measurements and other required data
⦁
When done, turn off the microscope and put up the slides used
How to make a wet-mount slide:
⦁ Get a clean slide and coverslip
⦁
Put one drop of water on the middle of the slide -- no more
⦁
Place the edge of the coverslip on one side of the water drop
⦁
Slowly put the coverslip on top of the drop
1mm = 1,000μm
Estimate the size of an object: Size(μm) = (fraction of F
...
V
...
2mm) x (1000) = 1200μm
Determine the FOV of highpower by
(diameter(LP) x LP magnification) / HP magnification
d(HP) = (1200 x 10) / 40 = 300μm
Chemicals in Water
Chemicals in Water Reading: http://www
...
net/sample-
chapters/c07/e2-03-04-02
...
when nitrate dissolves in water,
Poly-tomic ions
⦁ Are created and plants love them(algae for photosynthesis)
⦁
⦁
⦁
0-10 PPM is safe
>10 is polluted
Hardness- hardness is not good or bad, just life in water
⦁
⦁
More ppm of hardness, the more calcium & magnesium ions are
dissolved
They come from rocks in the area- typically stays the same around time
⦁
Salinity- dissolved salts
⦁
Conductivity- waters ability to flow electricity
⦁
⦁
good range to support fish 150-500
Alkalinity - normal range 100-250 PPM
⦁
neutralizes acids in water if it is high to neutral easier
12
⦁
Heavy Metals - toxic to animals and plants
⦁
⦁
<10 PPM is safe
Phosphates - promotes growth in aquatic life
⦁
Specific ions in water solution
⦁
>1 PPM grows blooms that use of DO
Periodic Table
http://www
...
com
Periodic Table Overview:
Rules:
Neutral Atom- same number of electrons and protons
Negative Ion- electrons>protons
Positive- electrons
⦁
⦁
⦁
Protons- a particle of an atom with a positive charge
mass of 1 amu
charge of +1
Neutrons- a particle of an atom with no charge
mass of 0 amu
⦁
charge of +0
Electrons- a particle of an atom with a negative charge
mass of nearly 0 amu
⦁
charge of -1
⦁
13
Nucleus - the center of an atom or ion consisting of protons and neutrons
Atom - the basic unit of an element (must be neutrally charged)
Ion - the basic unit of an element (must be negatively or positively, cannot be
neutral)
Charge - the potential of the atom or ion
Neutral - the atom has neither a negative or a positive charge
Atomic Mass - the amount of neutrons and protons in the nucleus
Element - a substance consisting of atoms
Mass Number - an element's or isotope's mass number tells how many protons
and neutrons in its atoms
Atomic Mass - the atomic mass represents the weighted average of the masses
for all isotopes in a naturally occurring sample
How to Calculate Atomic Mass:
Atomic Mass= (mass of isotope x relative abundance) + (mass of isotope x
relative abundance)
Families (Groups):
⦁
Seen in columns (vertical)
⦁
Each family has the same number of valence electrons
⦁
Valence Electron- the electrons that can participate in the
formation of a chemical bond, which are located on the outer shell
⦁ Family #1: one valence electron
⦁
Family #2: two valence electrons
⦁
Family #3: three valence electrons (etc
...
...
org/document/d/1ZTMJk6ilWSOxiYdyR0D
SVqUXmvT_sRHIiqrxLIzvg9k/edit
Sig Figs
Give the proper number of sig figs for the measurements below
...
3 have?
⦁
How many sig figs does 0
...
004520 have?
Answer the following problems with the proper amount of sig figs in your answer
⦁ 450 / 7 = _______________________________
⦁
1800 / 500 = ____________________________
⦁
450 / 100 = _____________________________
Matter Practice
List the property of water that each image demonstrates
15
⦁
⦁
Adhesion
Surface Tension
⦁
Solvency
Modulosis
⦁
Modulosis
⦁
⦁
Surface Tension
⦁
⦁
Capillary Action
Capillary Action
16
⦁
Cohesion
⦁
Solvency
⦁
Capillary Action
⦁
Adhesion
Which is an example of polar molecule? Why?
⦁
What is the boiling point for water (C, F, K)?
⦁
What is the freezing point for water (C, F, K)?
⦁
Put these in order from least energy to most energy:
SOLID
PLASMA
GAS
LIQUID
What state of matter is each diagram in?
17
B
...
C
Classification of Matter Practice: http://www
...
com/chem/tutorials/ch3-revpract-classify-matter--blacksburg
...
glencoe
...
php?qi=336
Define the following physical properties
Odor
Conductivity
Luster
Hardness
Solubility
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Malleability
List the separation techniques used to separate each mixture
...
Be sure to show all of your work
...
What is the approximate size of 1 bacterium?
2
...
What is the approximate size of 1 protist?
3
...
If 20 objects fit across a low-power field of view whose field diameter is 3000
micrometers, what is the approximate size of each object?
5
...
6
...
If the animal cell is viewed under high power, it appears to take up
1/20th of your field of vision
...
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that infected millions of Milwaukee residents
20
in the mid 1990s
...
The spore, when viewed under 400x
magnification, takes up 1/100th of the field
...
Estimate the size of a cheek cell
...
⦁
Size in microns = __________________
b
...
Estimate the size of the Euglena
...
a
...
The ________ number tells you the number of _________ in the _________ of
an atom
...
The letters in a cell of the periodic table are the ________ of the element
...
The number of valence electrons is the number of electrons in the outermost
_________
...
⦁
The atomic number tells you the number of ___________ in one atom
of an element
...
The atomic number gives the “identity “ of an element as
well as its location on the Periodic Table
...
⦁
The _____________of an element is the average mass of an element ’s
naturally occurring atoms, or isotopes, taking into account the
__________________ of each isotope
...
⦁
The mass number is used to calculate the number of
_____________________in one atom of an element
...
Calculating Atomic Mass Practice
⦁
35Cl
Determine the atomic mass of Chlorine which has two isotopes with the
following data:
= 34
...
77%
37Cl
= 36
...
23%
Does this value match the Atomic Mass on the Periodic table?
⦁
Determine the atomic mass of Magnesium which has isotopes with the following
information:
24Mg
= 23
...
99%
25Mg
= 24
...
00%
26Mg
= 25
...
01%
Does this value match the Atomic Mass on the Periodic table?
Highlight or circle the correct term
...
⦁
Metalloids/alkali metals have the characteristics of both metals and non-metals
...
⦁
Fluorine has the lowest/highest electronegativity
...
⦁
The noble gases are located left/right of the metalloids
...
⦁
The number of protons and neutrons/electrons determines the mass number
...
To determine atomic mass, the equation includes the abundance/atomic number
and the mass/atomic number of the isotope
⦁
23
Abundance Practice
Show your work
⦁
Iron has many isotopes but only 4 are found in significant amounts in naturally found
mixtures
...
845% of 54 Fe (53
...
754% of
56Fe (55
...
119% of 57Fe (56
...
282% of 58Fe (57
...
What would you determine the average mass of iron to be? How do your results
compare to the information on the periodic table in your text?
⦁
Copper is made of two isotopes
...
17 % abundant and it has a mass of
62
...
Copper-65 is 30
...
9278 amu
...
Bromine-79 has a mass of 78
...
69% abundant
...
⦁
Calculate the atomic mass of lead
...
973 amu (1
...
974 amu (24
...
976 amu
(22
...
977 amu (52
Title: Science 9 Notes
Description: A collection of topics from Science 9 including Integrative Levels of Organization, the periodic table, matter, and also basic scientific concepts like significant figures and graph requirements. Includes a large collection of practice problems and is designed for final exam reviewing as it doesn't go very in depth in all topics.
Description: A collection of topics from Science 9 including Integrative Levels of Organization, the periodic table, matter, and also basic scientific concepts like significant figures and graph requirements. Includes a large collection of practice problems and is designed for final exam reviewing as it doesn't go very in depth in all topics.