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Title: Biology 227 Notes
Description: This is Biology 227 Class notes from Boise State University 2014.
Description: This is Biology 227 Class notes from Boise State University 2014.
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Biology 227 Boise state University Notes 6/1/2015
● Levels of Organization in Biology
○ Biology is the study of structure and function at different levels
○ Structure is defined in terms of the next lower level
○ Function is defined in terms of the next higher level
● The body’s levels of organization
● Structural Plan (anatomical characteristics)
○ Vertebral column
○ Tube within a tube
○ Bilaterally symmetrical
● Directional terms
● Membranes in the ventral body cavity
○ Mucous membranes are membranes that open to the body’s outside
○ Serous membranes are membranes that do not open to the body;s outside
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Anterior/Ventral
B
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Plasma membrane: the outer, limiting membrane separating the cell’s internal parts
from the extracel parts
Structure of the cell membrane:
○ unit membrane model
■ J
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David Robertson
● coined the term unit membrane model
Fluid Mosaic Model
○ S
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L NIcolson
Function of the cell membrane:
○ flexible boundary that encloses cellular contents
○ Facilitates contact with other cells or substances
○ provides receptors for chemicals
○ Mediates entrance and exit of materials
Membranes crossing mechanisms:
○ Basic movement:
○ Passive transport: the movement of substances across membranes in response
to concentration gradients
■ no energy inputs
○ Brownian movement: the random movement of microscopic particles suspended
in a gas or liquid
○ Diffusion: the net movement of the particles of a particular substance from the
regions of higher to regions of lower or less free energy
■ Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion: uses the assistance of integral proteins carriers
Osmosis: the movement of a solvent usually water in biology through a semipermeable
membrane the solvent tends to move from the side with the lesser concentration of
solute to the side with the greater concentration of solute
Tonicity: refers to relative solute concentration of two fluids
○ hypertonic: having more solutes
○ Isotonic: having same amount
○ Hypotonic: having fewer solutes
Filtration: movement of solvents and dissolved substances across a selectively
permeable membrane by gravity mechanical pressure usually hydrostatic pressure
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Dialysis: diffusion of solute particles across a selectively permeable membrane and
involves the separation of small molecules from larger molecules
Active transport: the movement of substances across membranes against concentration
gradients (press, temp)
MOves UP the concentration gradient
Active transport: ATP gives up phosphate to active protein
Vesicular transport
○ Endocytosis
■ Phagocytosis cell eating
■ Pseudopodia false feet
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Cells are dividing into 2 main groups:
○ prokaryotic cells: bacteria and blue green algae
○ Eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm: the substance between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that
surrounds organelles
○ cytosol
solution: mixture of solute dissolved in a solvent
colloid: particles dispersed and never ppt
organelles: permanent structures with characteristic morphology that are highly
specialized for specific cellular activities
Nucleus: control center of the cell
○ Nuclear membrane: envelope
○ perinuclear space
○ chromosome: genes (DNA and proteins chromatin)
○ NUcleoli: singular nucleolus
○ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
○ The functions of ER:
■ intracellular transport
■ catalytic surface
■ smooth Er lipid synthesis
■ smooth ER detoxification
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus: complex or bodies
○ functions:
■ scretion
■ storage
■ modification
■ packaging
■ synthesize
■ emulsification of lipids
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell makes ATP
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○ Cristae
○ cellular respiration (aerobic)
Lysosomes: digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes: makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alcohol or formaldehyde
○ makes catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide down water and oxygen
Microfilaments: structure and movement
Microtubules: structure and movement
○ long, hollow, cylindrical
■ tubulin
centrioles:
○ 9 groups of 3 tubules
○ cell division
cilia: 1 to thousand/cell
○ many short, hairlike
■ 11 groups of 9 pair outside and 2 singles in the middle
Flagella
○ move in whiplike fashion
○ few, long, whiplike
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diverse group pf chem, subst
Title: Biology 227 Notes
Description: This is Biology 227 Class notes from Boise State University 2014.
Description: This is Biology 227 Class notes from Boise State University 2014.