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Title: Introduction to Proteins
Description: Notes on protein structure and function, with key examples illustrating the link between the two. Summary notes from a the first year of a Russell Group university.
Description: Notes on protein structure and function, with key examples illustrating the link between the two. Summary notes from a the first year of a Russell Group university.
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∙ Fundamental principle of living things – can reduce entropy
∙ Proteins are macromolecules and polymers
...
∙ Primary Structure: chemical or covalent structure of the protein molecule
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∙ 20 different amino acids
...
Third group ( R) is side chain, and is unique for
each amino acid
...
Only L
occur in nature (except glycine – nonchiral and cysteine – D)
...
Formed from the
carbonyl end of one amino acid and the amino group of another
...
∙ Convention is to read from N terminus (free amino group) to C terminus (free carbonyl
group)
...
∙ Peptide bond is partway between a single and a double bond due to resonance
hybridization
...
Approximates to trigonal planar
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Little rotameric freedom
iii
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3C side chain bends back and replaces a
proton on the amino group, forming an imino group
...
∙ Psi bond between alpha carbon and carbonyl carbon
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∙ Only certain rotamers are energetically favourable
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∙ 3D structure determined by successive phipsi angles
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∙ Since a polypeptide chain is not very flexible in the first place, folding does not induce such
a large loss in entropy
...
∙ Hydrogen bonds between electronegative atoms
∙ Salt bridges between oppositely charged side chains
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Favour proximity between atoms
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∙ Alpha helices: succession of similar, energetically favourable phi and psi bonds of roughly
60 degrees
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o Two beta strands sidebyside gives beta sheet
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∙ Tertiary structure – interactions between fully folded polypeptide chains to make a protein
...
∙ Most proteins: one to four domains
...
∙ Protein folding:
∙ Each protein is surrounded by an aqueous environment
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∙ Folding causes some of these to be replaces with intramolecular hydrogen bonds
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∙ Van er Waals also favours folding
...
∙ Random coils expose nonpolar side chains
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∙ Burial of the nonpolar side chains upon folding breaks up these structures, favouring
folding as entropy is increased
...
∙ The Gibbs Free Energy of a folded protein is a smaller than that of the unfolded form, but is
easily disturbed
...
Elevate temperature
ii
...
Chemical denaturants (urea, guanidium chloride)
iv
...
Guanidium chloride – reversible
∙ Levinthal’s Paradox – an unfolded polypeptide chain has an astronomical number o f
possible configurations, but folds within seconds
...
∙ Inferred that folding pathways exist
...
∙ Misfolded proteins are often selfdestructed by antibodies
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∙ Prosthetic groups – nonamino acid components of a polypeptide chain
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∙ Posttranslation modifications
∙ Permanent: hydroxyproline in collagen
∙ Temporary: phosphorylation of serine in signaling cascade
∙ Antibodies: extracellular glycoproteins produced by betalymphocytes
...
∙ Must be able to distinguish between self and invader
∙ Effector mechanism must only be activate by targetbound antibodies, not freecirculating
antibodies
∙ IgG Antibodies
∙ Y shaped
∙ 4 polypeptide chains
∙ Two heavy chains (440 amino acids)
∙ Two light chains (220 amino acids)
∙ Linked by disulfide bonds
∙ L chain – 2 domains
∙ H chain – 4 domains
...
Can adjust
to spacing of antigenic determinants
∙ End of arm: terminal Fab portion
...
∙ Stem composed of C terminal half of two H chains
...
Interact with other immune
system molecules
...
3 or 4stranded antiparallel beta sheet packed against
a 4 or 5stranded sheet
...
∙ N terminal of each domain (ends of arms) are variable domains
...
VL and VH interact such that
5stranded beta sheets meld together to form a beta sandwich
...
∙ C terminus of H chains interact tightly to form stem (CH2 and CH3)
∙ Each antigen has multiple epitopes
...
Other immune system
molecules recognise and bind clustered Fc regions
...
Cell
lysis ensues, and stimulates phagocytosis of cells bearing Fc clusters
Title: Introduction to Proteins
Description: Notes on protein structure and function, with key examples illustrating the link between the two. Summary notes from a the first year of a Russell Group university.
Description: Notes on protein structure and function, with key examples illustrating the link between the two. Summary notes from a the first year of a Russell Group university.