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Developmental Co-ordination Disorder
Definition: DCD causes problems in motor coordination that are not up to standard of the
child’s age and IQ
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Fine motor difficulties: dressing, drawing/writing, using cutlery
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Diagnosis is made by using:
 Standardised test of motor skills, rating scales marked by parents and teachers
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It asses 3 areas of motor function:
manipulation skills, ball skills and balance
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2)Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficience (BOTMP: Bruininks 1978)
This if or children aged between 4
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5 years old
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*These tests have 80% moderate agreement
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Many of these children have quite
general problems with diverse forms of motor tasks
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Those with more of a problem with gross motor skills may be related to
problems in balance
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If a child has DCD and ADHD it can cause severe problems
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A child with DCD is significantly more likely to have language and
attention problems
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Motor skills develop gradually over many years, and this development seems to be constrained by
maturational processes that govern the development of the nervous system
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For this reason we should think of
these skills a “perceptual motor” skills rather than simply motor skills
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Such schemas are represented in cortical
circuits that extend across the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes of the brain
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There was a condition where the participants had to close their eyes
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It confirms the need for visual information
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Dewey and Kaplan (1994) Participants: 51 DCD and controls
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*differences in DVD may reflect variations in underlying dimensional abilities
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This is the dominant approach
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Visual- perceptual: children show deficits on a range of simple visual-spatial perceptual tasks that
have no motor component
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Proprioception/kinesthesis: Heud & Hein 1963
It has been proposed that guidance of our movements in space depends upon a sensorimotor map
that seems to translate visually perceived locations to spatially appropriate movements
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Kinaesthetic perception: our ability to sense the position, location and velocity of movements in
body part
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They can’t judge their own movements
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Smyth & Mason 1997- children with DCD had problems in moving their arm into a position that their
other arm had been placed in by the examiner
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Postural control depends on a combination of vestibular, visual and proprioceptive sensory inputs
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In an experiment using the swinging roomchildren with DCD sway more than controls, especially with their eyes closed
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This
would be a result of a noisy or degraded visuospatial perceptual system
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Parents rated their child on ADHD and DCD questions on if their child was like other children
on a number of questions about motor coordination
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g “throws a ball in an accurate fashion
compared to other children of the same age?”
Risk factors: premature birth, low birth rate (Gunow & Whitfield 2002) conducted a longitudinal
study
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Biological/cognitive model of DCD
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This system is separate from the system
responsible for balance deficits in the sensori-motor map and are likely to cause widespread
problems for both fine and gross motor skills whilst problem in balance are likely to be import for
learning and executing gross motor skills
Treatment
-use of physiotherapists and occupational therapists
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For example riding a bike
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In this they
identified deficits and used targeting interventions
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-Mixed model approach (Wilson 2006)



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