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Title:
Unit:

BTEC Level 3 90 Credit Diploma in Applied Science
Periodic table, Electronic structure, Bonding, Standard solutions and Titrations
1 Fundamentals of Science and Practical Techniques(evaluation of purity, accuracy in
practical techniques)

Date issued:

Deadline:

Student Name: Student ID:
Learning outcome:

Learning outcome 1: Be able to use the necessary skills to measure
quantities for chemical reactions

Criteria covered by this task:
Criteria Description
P1
Outline the key features of the Periodic Table, atomic structure,
and chemical bonding
P2
Demonstrate practically the ability to prepare chemical
solutions and test their accuracy
M1
Relate the key features of the periodic table to the conclusions
drawn from the practical activities
D1
Explain how standard solutions and titrations are prepared in
industry
...
P
...

You need to be able to outline and relate the key theoretical features of the periodic table, atomic structure,
chemical bonding and practical titrations done by the company to a group of visiting sixth form students
from
Uzbhekistan
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science (Chemistry Section only)

Task 1
The Periodic Table, atomic structure, and chemical bonding
Complete the attached worksheets on the following topics:
1
...
Electronic Structure
3
...

You will be observed and marked for good technique when performing the practicals:
a) Make a standard solution of NaOH at a given concentration - see attached practical
sheets
...

c) Carry out a titration to assess the accuracy of the concentration of the standard
solution of NaOH which you prepared - see attached practical sheets
...


BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Choose one standardard solution practical and one titration from the two that you did and
write a full practical report using the template below that tells you how you should always
write a scientific report
...


Whenever you write a report of a science practical it should be written in the following order –
it is very important that you do not change the order because this is the convention for
writing reports in science
...
Also state briefly
what to do in the event of spillage on yourself/table etc
...

Analysis - Write any relevant balanced equations and do any calculations/ draw any
graphs or charts that will help you explain your results
...
Are your results 100%
accurate? If not what were the sources of error in the method you used?
Evaluation- Having identified the sources of error in the method of your preparation of
standard solutions and titrations explain how you would change the practicals to
improve the accuracy of your results
Conclusion- Draw conclusions about the accuracy of your results
...

You can do this by answering the questions at the bottom of the four practical sheets
...

1
...

2
...
e
...

3
...
For example do
they use indicators or pH curves, what type of automation is there? Can they afford to
buy extremely accurate standard solutions thus reducing the costs of standardising
solutions Give specific examples and show pictures
...


BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Sources of information
Textbooks/Websites
Textbooks
Conoley, C and Hills, P
...
(2000), Chemistry in Context, Walton on Thames, Nelson
The Nuffield Foundation (general editor Vokins, M)
...
chemguide
...
uk
www
...
com
www
...
org
www
...
org

All purpose level 3 Chemistry website
Periodic Table on the Web
The Royal Society of Chemistry’s Chemical Science network
The Directory of Chemistry

BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Start your assignment here:

Introduction
The purpose of this practical experiment is to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and know his concentration
...
1M NaOH,
but this is only the first step
...

These kind of experiments are common in the industry and laboratories
...

Our class worked out this practical in the laboratory and the experiment sheets can be found
linked to the assignment’s files on the website “Bsix Learning Environment”
...

They are all part of the periodic table and all have a different electronic structure
...


O is Oxygen and it’s located in the group 16, period 2, block “p”, the atomic number
is 8, and the electronic structure is He 2s22p4
...


The bonding
in NaOH is one of the
simplest
with one compound
...
The hydroxide part of the compound with an ionic bond is bonded to the sodium
...

Obviously you need to wear glasses to protect your eyes, lab coat to
avoid to dirt your clothes and gloves for maximum precaution
...
It can cause the worst damages such as blindness, burned skin and pulmonary
adema
...
If this
happens, you must take immediate action before getting worse the situation
...

II
...
Seek a medical attention
immediately
...




Eye contact – brush off immediately chemical from the face and flush with lot of
water for at least half an hour, and seek a medical attention
...


Methyl orange (hazard symbol: TOXIC) – Wear protective clothing
when using it such as chemical splash googles, protective gloves and
appropriate protective clothing to avoid the contact with your skin
...
It can cause eye irritation, skin
irritation, irritation of the digestive tract and respiratory tract

BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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irritation
...

II
...
However, get medical aid
...


Ingestion – Wash mouth out with plenty water and get immediately medical aid
...


Inhalation – Move immediately to fresh air, and if not breathing use universal
precautions
...


V
...


In case of fire – Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide or chemical foam
...


Hydrochloric acid or HCI (hazard symbol: CORROSIVE) Eye and skin contact can cause severe burns and can be corrosive
...
In case of inhalation it may cause severe irritation of
the respiratory tract
...

Some advices in case of accidents:
I
...
It’s necessary to flush them with amounts water for at
least 30 minutes
...
Do not
use ointments in eye or oils
...


Skin contact – Flush skin immediately with amounts water for
15 minutes and remove contaminated clothing
...


III
...
Only if the person is conscious give
him a cupful of water
...


IV
...
If the person doesn’t breath give universal
precautions
...


The results we got are:

BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Range
finding/cm3

Run 1/cm3

Run 2/cm3

Run 3/cm3

Average

Second burette reading

19
...
40

20
...
30

10
...
30/2
=10
...
00
19
...
40
20
...
00
20
...
00
10
...
10
M alkali = unknown

V acid =10,00
V alkali = 10
...
1x(10
...
00x10-3)
Malkali=0
...
104

Conclusion
We can observe that the concentration of NaOH in our experiment is 0
...
1g because its characteristic is to absorb the
moisturize from the atmosphere
...

Maybe we didn’t accurately check the end point of tritation when changing colour
...


Evaluation


Weight the NaOH quickly to avoid to absorb too moisturize
...

Make sure the menisqus of liquid is perfectly on the line
...
Ask partner
opinion
...

Therefore ensure accuracy of the result of the experiement, the experiment must be repeated
and to get result more accurately automation can be use
...
There will be no experiment with 100%
accuracy but its also important try to minimise the errors
...


Introduction
The aim of this experiment is to prepare accurately a solution of Na 2CO3 and know his
concentration
...
1 M Na2CO3
...

These kind of experiments are common in the industry and laboratories
...

Our class worked out this practical in the laboratory and the experiment sheets can be found
linked to the assignment’s files on the website “Bsix Learning Environment”
...

They are all part of the periodic table and all have a different electronic structure
...


O is Oxygen and it’s located in the group 16, period 2, block “p”, the atomic
number is 8, and the electronic structure is He 2s22p4
...


Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) has ionic and covalent bonds
...


BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Na2CO3 reacts with HCl as shown in the equation below
...

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) + CO2(g)

Risk assessment
Before you start to perform an experiment with substances you need to take precautions and be
conscious of all the risks you’re going to face
...

This is the list of all the hazardous chemicals to which you MUST pay attention during your
experiment:



Sodium Hydroxide or NaOH (hazard symbol: CORROSIVE) – it can
severely affect you when inhaled, by passing on your skin, irritate
your eyes, mouth, nose, throat and even your lungs
...

Stay alert and avoid absolutely the eye contact, skin contact, and inhalation
...

Here are some advices to many cases:
I
...


III
...

Skin contact – Quickly remove all contaminated clothing and brush off immediately excess
chemical and wash with large amounts water for 30 minutes
...

`Inhalation – remove the person from exposure, use universal precautions if breathing
has stopped or CPR if heart action has stopped
...

It’s extremely toxic is swallowed
...

In case of accidents, here are some advices:
I
...


Skin contact – Flush your skin immediately with large amounts water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing
...


III
...


IV
...
Give oxygen if it’s difficult to breathing
...




Eye contact – Flush your eyes immediately with lot of water for 15 minutes and
seek a medical attention
...

Wear MSHA/NIOSH, full protective gear and a self-contained breathing apparatus
...

About ingestion it may cause severe failure of the circulatory system,
severe digestive tract burns with abdominal pain, vomiting, and
sometimes death
...


BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Repeating skin contact an cause dermatitis, erosion of teeth, fetal effects, conjunctivitis
and possible blindness
...


Eye contact – Don’t allow the person to rub or keep his eyes closed
...
Get medical attention
immediately
...


II
...
Get medical aid as soon as possible
...


Ingestion – Don’t induce vomiting if swallowed
...
Get immediately medical aid
...


Inhalation – Remove to fresh air
...
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen
...
70
0
...
70

Run 1/cm3
39
...
70
19
...
60
0
...
60

Run 3/cm3
39
...
60
19
...
50+10
...
50/3=16
...
1×(16
...
01)=16
...
653×10-3/0
...
0827M
M alkali = unknown concentration of alkali
V alkali = volume of alkali in the conical flask
M acid = known concentration of acid
V acid = volume of acid added from the burette

BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Conclusions
The concentration of Na2Co3 is 0
...
We can say that the result obtained is very close
to the main value
...
Apparatus errors can not be minimised
...

Discussion
According to the result the value I have obtained, is not exactly the same as the concentration I
have made up for NaOH which suggest that there must have been some experimental errors have
occurred during the investigation
...






Maybe we didn’t wash completely the weighing boat during the transfer of Na 2co3 from it
to the volumetric flask
...

Maybe we didn’t accurately check the line of the water
...


Evaluation
Discuss what went well in the investigation and what could be improved?
You need to calculate your apparatus error and then your experimental error
...





Make sure of washing properly the weighing boat
...

As you are approaching the end point add drop by drop for precision
...


Other types of bonding

HCI (Hydrogen Chloride)
BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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H is Hydrogen and it’s located in the group 1, period 1, block “s”, the atomic
number is 1, and the electronic structure is 1s1
...


Both the chemicals are non-metals and the hydrogen can form 1 bond
...

This is the molecule of HCl
...

These outer shells with those shared electrons are stable and the HCl molecule won’t react further
with other Cl or H atoms
...
There are no ions ( no
+ or – charges)
...


Cl is Chlorine and it’s located in the group 17, period 3, block “p”, the atomic number is 17 and
electronic structure is Ne 3s23p5
...
We can observe that in this
reaction the metal atom (Sodium) gives an electron to the non-metal atom (Chloride)
...
There is an electrostatic
force of attraction between these ions, called ionic bond
...


H is Hydrogen and it’s located in the group 1, period 1, block “s”, the atomic
number is 1, and the electronic structure is 1s1
...
In this molecule two hydrogen atoms are bonded to an
oxygen atom
...
In this case two pairs of electrons are shared in a water molecule
...


QUESTION 11
...
The 4
pairs of electrons in the covalent bonds repel each other and move as far apart as they can
...


BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Titration and its used:

Titration is a procedure or method to ascertain the compression of a substance in an unfamiliar
resolution, in that a recognized reagent is added to an unfamiliar resolution to produce a
recognized reply such as a change in color or mechanical measurement
...

A titration is a method whereas a resolution of recognized compression is used to ascertain the
compression of an unfamiliar solution
...

A titration is a measurement to ascertain a concentration
...
and if a plant is easy, next a good design way that there is no demand to do too many
checks
...

Blood sugar testing:
Diabetics can measure the amount of glucose in their blood by using a small portable machine
called a blood glucose meter
...
The current is
affected by the concentration of the reactants and can then be used to measure the amount of
glucose present in the blood
...
Resolution 1 is shouted the titrant, and we
say that it is utilized to titrate resolution 2
...

A specific volume of the resolution to be titrated (solution 2) is dispensed into an Erlenmeyer flask
...
00 mL of a nitric acid resolution of unfamiliar compression could be added into a
250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
...
(A
buret is a workshop instrument utilized to add measured volumes of resolutions to supplementary
containers
...
The
buret is set up above the Erlenmeyer flask so the titrant can be added in a compelled manner to
the resolution to be titrated
...
115 M NaOH resolution could be added to a buret,
that is set up above the Erlenmeyer flask encompassing the nitric acid solution
...
Its utilized in wineries, dairy farms, excavating firms,
cleaning physical manufaturers, juce makers, food makers, cosmetic industries, condition
industries, water plants, paint makers and stacks more
...
Normally it's utilized as a method to make sure that
somehting's pH is sutable for human consumption or for human to be close to
...

Cleaning produce demand to be somewhat rancid for these produce to work so they titrate to
become the right molarity
Titration to Confirm the Concentration of NaOH
Introduction

Titrations are routinely carried out in the laboratory and in industry to determine the
concentration of an unknown reagent
...

NaOH reacts with HCl to form a salt, NaCl
...

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
Aim
The aim of this practical is to confirm the concentration of the ‘standard’ solution of NaOH that
you prepared earlier on by titrating it against a ‘standard’ solution of HCl
...

2
...


4
...

6
...

8
...


Rinse the burette with distilled water
...

Fill the burette using a funnel and ensure the bottom of the meniscus of the solution is on
the 50
...
Ensure that there are no air bubbles as this will affect the accuracy of your
readings
...

Rinse the pipette with a small sample of NaOH
...
0cm3 pipette using a pipette filler until the bottom of the meniscus is on the line
...

Transfer the volume from the pipette into a conical flask
...

Set up the apparatus as below:

BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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Bottom of meniscus on 50
...


Record your results in a table as shown below:
Range
finding/cm3

Run 1/cm3

Run 2/cm3

Run 3/cm3

Average

Second burette reading

10
...
80

30
...
30

10
...
30/2
=10
...
00
10
...
40
10
...
80
9
...
00
10
...

12
...


The first titration is a range finding one
...

In your next run, add the acid from the burette more cautiously and drop-wise around the
end-point
...
1cm 3
...
scienceforums
...
com/Bishop_Titration
...
bbc
...
uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_ocr_gateway/how_much/titrations/rev
ision/1/

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BTEC L3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science - Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science

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