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CHAPTER 20

The Cardiovascular System

BLOOD
Learning Objectives

Introduction
1
...
List and describe the functions of the blood
• 1
...
Transport of dissolved gases (O2 and CO2)
• 3
...
Prevent fluid loss (clotting reactions)
• 5
...
Transport of metabolic wastes for excretion (Carbon dioxide excreted, extra nitrogen
excreted)
• 7
...
Deliver enzymes and hormones to target (adrenal medulla)
Discuss the composition of the blood
Plasma+formed elements
Plasma make up 46-63%
Formed elements make up 37-54%
Formed elements are make up of White blood cells, Red blood cells, and platelets

Blood, !1

There are
...
9% red blood cells in formed elements
There are different types of White blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
monocytes, and lymphocytes
Neutrophils make up for 50-70%, Lymphocytes 20-30%, Monocytes 2-8%, Eosinophils
2-4%, Basophils make up for less than 1%
Plasma is made up of: Plasma proteins, other solutes, and water
Plasma proteins make up 7%, other solutes make up 1%, and water makes up 92%
Water transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat
Plasma proteins are made up of Albumins (60%), Globulins (35%), Fibrinogen (4%), and
regulatory proteins (less than 1%)
Albumins are: major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport of lipids,
steroid hormones
Globulins are: transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function
Fibrinogen: essential component of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin
Regulatory proteins: Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
Other solutes include: electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes
Electrolytes are: normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for vital cellular
activities
...
Major plasma electrolytes
include sodium, potassium, magnesium, Cl-, bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate, hydrogen
sulfate

‘Formed Elements’ of whole blood
4
...
They
contain hemoglobin but no nucleus, ribosomes, or mitochondria
...
Hemoglobin make up for the
color of blood, bright right is oxygenated deep red is deoxygenated

Blood, !2

5
...
which eventually builds scar tissue to wall off the injury
Lymphocytes: Responsible for specific immunity, the respond to threats in three ways:
T cells: attacks foreign cells directly in periphery
B cells: Differentiates into plasma cells and secretes antibodies that attack foreign bodies
in distant body
NK Cells: responsible for “immune surveillance”, the destruction of abnormal tissue
(important for preventing cancer)
6
...
Identify the different life cycles (span) of blood cells
Red blood cells : 120 days (4 months)
Lymphocytes:
Granulocytes:
...


2
...


General info -plasma proteins-

‘FORMED ELEMENTS’ (mostly BLOOD CELLS)
Includes (identify 3)

Hematocrit (HCT):

Blood, !6

Viscosity:
Erythrocytes
Structure:

Functions:

Life span:

Production:

Leukocytes
Structure:

Functions:

Blood, !7

Life span:

Types: (name the 2)
Types of Leukocytes cont’

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Thrombocytes
Structure:

Functions:

Blood, !8

Life span:

Production:

Blood, !9



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