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BIO 230
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niaaa
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gov/publications/arh22-3/153
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Amino acid derivatives

• Structurally similar to amino acids (amino acid=building block of proteins, consist of
nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon, strung together peptide bond holds them together)
• Examples: thyroid hormones and suprarenal medulla hormones are derivatives of
tyrosine / melatonin is a derivative of tryptophan
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Steroid hormones
• These are derived from cholesterol-need cholesterol in body, 80% circulating is made in
the body in the liver
• Examples: reproductive hormones and suprarenal cortex hormones
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalmus is transported to anterior pituitary gland
via portal veins
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Stimulates gonadotroph cells to secrete gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)
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FSH acts on Sertoli cells, increases # of testosterone receptors to stimulate spermatogenesis
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The Leydig cells of the testis synthesize and secrete testosterone
On previous slide: What is the affect of negative feedback when you administer exogenous
testosterone? In other words, what happens to endogenous production of testosterone?
Know slide 17
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Regulatory hormones: means release of inhibitory and releasing hormones
anterior pituitary gland aka adenohypophysis
adeno: being released from a gland
most of hormones coming out of anterior pituitary
neurohypophysis aka the posterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary only releases two specific hormones, ADH and Oxytocin for direct release of
hormone
ACTH: affect on adrenal medulla, adrenal medulla then releases glucocorticoids and
mineralcocorticoids
TSH: thyroid gland->thyroid hormones
GH: Affects liver, releases somatomedins which are growth hormones
PRL: mammary gland to increase milk production during pregnancy
Inhibin has negative feedback to turn off
Estrogens have one component, have follicle to mature, to ovulate, then progesterone comes to
make sure we can house fertilized egg in endometrium then inhibit has negative feedback

• melanocytes uncertain significance in healthy adults
• ADH:has affect on kidneys, ADH=vasopressin, antidiuretic=tells kidney to stop making urine by
diuresis: to urinate, tells proximal convoluted tubules to reabsorb all water so no excretion of the
electrolytes such as sodium chloride, to suck up more of the water
**Primary functions in nephrons: filtrating wastes such as nitrogen which was a byproduct of the
break down of the amino acid, after glomerus, in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and
distal convoluted we decide if we should pull back electrolytes back into system or not
**What situation would need a mass response of antidiuretic hormone?
Dehydration, when you are throwing up, when you are bleeding out and are losing plasma, when
are losing blood you are decreasing your blood pressure, anytime your blood pressure drops
antidiuretic is released to keep volume of blood high, you are dizzy because blood can’t be sent up
to your brain
**What hormone needs to be released to help us increase blood pressure? Renin, antidiuretic
hormone aka vasopressin; sympathetic makes vasoconstriction to push blood up
**Sodium is almost always associated with chloride**
• The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation
• Hypothalamus functions via three mechanisms
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Secretes releasing hormones (RH)
• Secretes inhibiting hormones (IH)
• Acts as an endocrine organ
• Releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin to the pituitary gland
• Contains autonomic nervous system centers
• Exerts control over the suprarenal medulla
**In both sexes, your ability to release all these hormones but lies dormant until you hit puberty**
how does it know to lie dormant for years and then turn on? still don't know exactly
**Know slide 19**
**Don’t need to know slide 20, this is synthesis of cholesterol to testosterone, has every single pathway
that exists in the human body of hormones, slide 21 is simplified of same thing**
DHT is most potent testosterone steroid actually does effect on body, also has effects on the estrogen scale
as well
Differences in men and women have to do with balancing different types of hormones: testosterone and
estrogen
On previous slide: What is the affect of negative feedback when you administer exogenous (means it is
coming from external source) testosterone(testosterone are generally produced in testes)? In other words,
what happens to endogenous production of testosterone?
For men: do not need testes anymore if you are putting in testosterone into body, so testes atrophy
and go away
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For women: facial hair, start getting all side effects of secondary sex characteristics of a man,
muscle hypertrophy
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Anabolic: to build up metabolism
Ana: to build up
Body builders will receive tumors/cancers because when increase growth you have more cell division
Elderly would increase risk of getting cancer

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