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BIO 230
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• Motor association area (learned reflexes)
• Primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)-starts at frontal, goes to cerebellum, then sent
to muscle
• Speech – BROCA’S AREA (verbal speaking) look on slide for location

Parietal lobe
• Location: dorsal to central sulcus
• Function:
• Primary sensory cortex (post-central gyrus)
• Somatosensory association area- I stick my hand on hot stove, have to send back to
cerebellum to produce movement
• Listening and understanding, making associations

Temporal lobe
• Location:

• Separated from frontal lobe by lateral sulcus (inferoposterior)
• Function:
• Primary auditory area, receives sounds
• Auditory association area: association of hearing with other functions
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Caudate nucleus
2
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Globus pallidus
4
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Amygdaloid nucleus
Just collection of specialized neurons, neurotransmitters released dictate what these do
*patterns for skilled and repetitive activities

**Know where all lobes and primary functions**

**know about hypothalamus very well-helps regulate the hormones**
**Little projection that comes off diencephalon- pituitary gland, communicates
with the hypothalamus to regulate all the hormones of the body**
Diencephalon
• Top = epithalamus
• Thalami contain relay and processing centers for sensory data
• Bottom = hypothalamus
• Centers involved with emotions, autonomic function and hormone production
Connects the cerebrum to the brain stem both structurally and functionally
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6 in book
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▪Location:
▪Inferior to occipital lobe, dorsal to brainstem
▪Two primary functions:
▪Balance
▪Coordination
Commands come from somatomotor area of frontal lobe

Mesencephalon
• Process visual and auditory information
• Generates involuntary somatic motor responses

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Most superior portion of the brainstem
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Keeping it straight
• FOREBRAIN
• Cerebrum and diencephalon
• What is included in the diencephalon?
• Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
• MIDBRAIN
• Mesencephalon
• HINDBRAIN
• Pons, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum
• BRAINSTEM

Pons
• Connects cerebellum to brain stem
• Helps with somatic and visceral motor control
• Location:
• Inferior to midbrain (mesencephalon)
• Function:
• Relay center for cranial nerves to head (V, VI, VII, and VIII)
• Respiratory control (regulates rate & depth of breathing)-need to know
• Bridge – connects cerebellum to brainstem
• Area to just keep you alive
• Pneuomo: talking about air

Medulla oblongata
• Spinal cord connects with brain here
• Relay station for sensory info
• Regulates autonomic function

Location:
▪Inferior to pons, most caudal portion of brainstem
Functions:
▪controls visceral functions like
▪blood pressure
▪digestions
▪heart rate
▪Control of other reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing

Limbic system
• Network of structures
• Ring of tissue inside the cerebrum
*Will identify some components of the limbic system in brain dissection during anatomy lab
this week
• Functions:
• Controls behavior and emotional-separates us from other organisms, we have a very
well developed limbic systems apart from all species
• Memory storage and retrieval
Memory is in cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe)
All processes on right side of body are controlled by left side of brain, all processes on left side
of the body are controlled by right side of brain

Parkinson’s Disease
3 cardinal symptoms
• rigidity
stiffness in the muscles (co-contraction)
• slow movements
bradykinesia- aka slow movements
• tremor at rest
•Substantia nigra disease- dopamine is no longer produced
**Use electrotherapy to send stimulus to other neurons, some working
**Use stem cells- some good evidence that it is working
**L-dopa- but have to increase the dosage but a lot

Nerves and function
• What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?
• Neuron is the entire nerve cell
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Be aware of cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus location
Know all cranial nerve names- know this picture

Cranial nerves and Mnemonic- check exam review for specifics, but generally know
their roman numerals, names, and functions
Will need to know what they look like for second lab exam

Cranial
I
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Optic
III
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Trochlear
V
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Abducens

VII
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Auditory (Vestibulocochlear)
IX
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Vagus
XI
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Hypoglossal
Mnemonic
I
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Once
III
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Takes
V
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Anatomy
VII
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A
IX
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Vacation
XI
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Heavenly
Cranial nerve function
I
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Sensory
III
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Motor
V
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Motor
VII
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Sensory
IX
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Both
XI
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Motor
Mnemonic
I
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Say
III
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Money
V
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My
VII
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Says
IX
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Brains
XI
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More

Olfactory nerve (N I)
• Primary function:
• Special sensory - smell
• Origin:
• Receptors of olfactory epithelium

Optic nerve (N II)
• Primary function:
• Special sensory - vision
• Origin:
• Retina of eye
• LEFT EYE TIED WITH RIGHT SIDE OF BRAIN, RIGHT EYE TIED WITH LEFT
SIDE OF BRAIN
• Vision is one of the strongest sensations for humans

Oculomotor nerve (N III)
• Primary function:
• Mixed, controls/senses eye movements
• Origin:
• Mesencephalon

Trochlear nerve (N IV)- Smallest
• Primary function:
• Mixed, controls/senses eye movements
• Origin:
• Mesencephalon

The Trigeminal nerve (N V)- Largest
• Primary function:
• Mixed (has both sensory and motor functions)
• Ophthalmic and maxillary branches sensory
• Mandibular branch mixed – mastication (chewing)

Abducens Nerve (N VI)
• Primary function:
• Mixed, controls/senses eye movements

• Origin:
• Between pons and medulla

Facial Nerve (N VII)
• Primary function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory from taste receptors (tongue)
• Motor – controls facial muscles (Bell’s Palsy)
• an idiopathic (unknown) unilateral facial nerve paralysis
• Rapid onset, recover spontaneous
• Due to inflammation of the nerve?
• Origin:
• Between pons and medulla
**This nerve gets inflamed or injured which leads to Bell’s Palsy**

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)
• Primary function:
• Special sensory:
• Balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch)
• Origin:
• Receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and cochlea)
• Between pons and medulla
**Movement of fluid inside ears tells body where the head is located in space, so when get off
roller coaster you are dizzy because the fluid continues to move and body thinks head is still
moving**

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)
• Primary function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory from tongue - taste
• Motor control of tongue and swallowing
• Origin:
• medulla

Vagus Nerve (N X)- clue in to vagus nerve, primarily responsible for
parasympathetic functions in the body, calls everything down except for the gut
which is stimulates for digestion, touches everything in the body
• Primary function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Origin:

• organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
• medulla

The Accessory Nerve (N XI)-sensing where your head is in space
• Primary function:
• Mixed, control/sensing head/neck movements
• Origin:
• spinal cord and medulla

The Hypoglossal Nerve (N XII)
• Primary function:
• Mixed, control/sensing tongue movements involved in swallowing and phonation
• Origin:
• medulla

Cranial Nerve Testing-emergency room testings
Perhaps more than any other part of the neurologic exam, cranial nerve testing can raise red
flags that suggest specific neurologic dysfunction rather than a systemic disorder
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However, any
of these symptoms together with cranial nerve abnormalities strongly suggest brainstem
dysfunction as the cause
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The cranial nerves may be affected
by a wide range of conditions including trauma, infection, cerebrovascular ischemia, spaceoccupying lesions (such as tumors and aneurysms), and intracranial inflammation
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Sensory nerves receive information from internal organs, the skin, eyes,
ears, and nose
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Each cranial nerve can be tested and evaluated in terms of its ability to
function

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