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BIO 230
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*Too much vagus stimulation= pass out, lack of blood flow to brain, body falls when you pass
out and is attempting to lie itself down to increase blood flow to head**
**Preganglionic nerves go to ganglion, then to a target organ, slide 25 important except for
middle column**
• Functions of the Parasympathetic Division
• Pupil constriction
• Secretion of digestive enzymes from digestive glands-rest and digest
• Just because the parasympathetic is activated does not mean everything is suppressed,
digestion is stimulated
• Increased smooth muscle activity of the digestive system
• Stimulation and coordination of defecation (the discharge of feces from the body)
• Contraction of the urinary bladder

• Constriction of respiratory passages
• Reduced heart rate
• Sexual arousal
• Summary of the Parasympathetic Division**
• Involves CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X
• Involves sacral segments S to S
2

4

• All parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic (releasing or responding to acetylcholine
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)
• Release of ACh on neuroeffector junctions stimulates muscarinic receptors (of, relating
to, resembling, producing, or mediating the parasympathetic effects (as a slowed heart
rate and increased activity of smooth muscle) produced by muscarine)
• Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are different types of receptors we need to know,
need to know all names of receptors**

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic
• Sympathetic
• Widespread effect on visceral organs
• Parasympathetic
• Modifies the activity of structures innervated by

specific cranial nerves and pelvic nerves
• Most vital organs are innervated by both the

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
• The two often, most of the time oppose (antagonistic) each other
• Exceptions with sex response
• Sympathomanetic drug: such as caffeine, cocaine, ect

Subdivisions of ANS
• Sympathetic division
• All preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine
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• Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
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• Parasympathetic division
• All preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine
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• Postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine but the effects can be inhibitory

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