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BIO 230
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g
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Areolar Tissue (areola/nipple area)
2
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Reticular Tissue (stroma of liver)

Fat-what is it?

• Tissue = connective tissue = CT proper = loose CT = Adipose depositions (from adipocytes) = white
and brown = cellulite (a nonmedical term for fat and fibrous tissue deposits that result in dimpling of
the skin)
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Cartilage
2
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Hyaline
b
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Fibrous

Cartilage

1
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Elastic
• V
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Fibrous
• V
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4
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6
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8
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What is the term for cartilage cell?
chondrocyte
•
What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
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Do ligaments and cartilage contain collagen fibers?
Yes, in ligaments/tendons the collagen fibers are densely packed and aligned parallel to
•
applied forces
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e
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Skeletal
2
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Smooth

Skeletal Muscle
• Cells:
• long, called muscle fibers
• Multinucleated
• Pattern of proteins ! striated in appearance

• Location: skeletal muscles throughout body
• Contraction initiated by nervous system ! voluntary

Cardiac Muscle

• Cells:
• (called cardiocytes)
• Mononucleated
• Extensively connected to one another: intercalated discs
• Pattern of proteins - striated in appearance
•
• Location: muscle layer of heart
• Automatically contract (depolarize): pacemaker cells - involuntary
• Nervous system alters rate

Smooth Muscle

• Cells:
• Small, with tapering end
• Mononucleated
• Nonstriated
•
• Location: walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, tracts (e
...
, resp, dig, repro, circ)
• Contract on own: pacesetter cells - involuntary
• Contraction can be triggered by neural activity

Neural tissue

• Specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
• Majority (96%) of neural tissue is considered the Central Nervous System (CNS; brain and spinal cord)
• Cells
• Called Neurons:
• Transmit electrical impulses along neurolemma
• Mononucleated (nucleus is in soma), long extending fiber (called axon)

Cancer

• Unregulated growth of specific cells
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A blood stem cell may become a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell
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Platelets that form blood clots to stop bleeding
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A lymphoid stem cell becomes a lymphoblast cell and then one of three types of lymphocytes (white
blood cells):
B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection
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Natural killer cells that attack cancer cells and viruses
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These cells are
also called leukemia cells
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Also, as the
number of leukemia cells increases in the blood and bone marrow, there is less room for healthy white
blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
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The
cancer can also spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
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Cutaneous membrane, has two subdivisions:

▪ Epidermis is the stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Dermis is the underlying loose connective tissue
2
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Epidermis

• Structure:
• Stratified squamous epithelium
multiple cell layer/flat cells
• Made up of 4-5 layers (discussed next)
•
• 4 primary cell types found in the epidermis

Cells of the epidermis-flash card these
1
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3
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Keratinocytes - most abundant cells, protein, gives us water resistance on our skin
Melanocytes - pigment-producing cells, skin color
Merkel cells – touch receptors
Langerhans cells - fixed macrophages (phagocytic), immune system
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pathogens that get through the superficial layers of the epidermis
2
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1-don’t have to figure out characteristics, just
memorize what the layers are

The Epidermis

•15-30 days for a cell to move from the str
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Corneum
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08 mm thick)

• Formed by the stratum germinativum
• Ridges that extend into the dermis, increase the area of contact between the two regions

• Projections from the dermis to the epidermis are called dermal
papillae (singular = papilla, nipple-shaped mound)
• The contour of the skin surface follow the ridge patterns
• Ridges on palms and soles increase area and friction
• Genetically determined and don’t change shape over a
lifetime!
• Interphasing on dermal papilla underneath dermal papilla, makes
them come together
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Dermal blood supply
Temporary reduction in blood supply = white skin
•
Sustained reduction in blood supply = blue skin
•
2
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corneum
3
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Accumulates in str
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The dermis

• Collagen (tensile strength) + Elastic fibers (elasticity)
• Age, hormone, UV rays decrease elasticity and thickness - wrinkles/sagging

• Retin A (Tretinoin) – derivative of Vitamin A
• Increases blood flow to skin - repair
• Rate of wrinkle formation decreases
Extra, quiz questions:
Anatomy
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Sura-the back of the leg
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Crus-front of the leg
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pollux-thumbs
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gallbladder is in the right upper quadrant
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level of organization in heart wall-tissue level
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The integumentary level is representative of which level of organization-organ system
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Which layer of the serous membrane covers the heart- visceral pericardium
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Touching organ-visceral
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Outside-Parietal
• Morphology-surface anatomy
• Element in human body at chemical or molecular level-Selenium
• Order of increasing radio density (resistance to x-ray penetration) is as follows- Air, fat, liver, blood,
muscle, bone

• Which anatomical approach emphasizes the spatial relationships among structures- regional anatomy
• most extensive structural changes occur within the first 8 weeks of development

Nerve Supply to skin

• Nerves
• Control blood flow**-dilation and constriction
• Adjust gland secretion rates
• Monitor sensory receptors
• Merkel cells
• Pain receptors
• Tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s)
• Light touch

• Root hair plexus
• Ruffini corpuscle
• warmth
• Lamellated corpuscle
• pressure
Fingers get pruny in water because blood vessels are constricting
Ended on slide 27



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