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CHAPTER 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
LECTURE - Learning Objectives
1
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Begin study of the etymology of anatomical terms (e
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Understand the spectrum of the levels of organization from microscopic to
macroscopic anatomy; identify the major levels of organization in living organisms
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Many ways to divide this:
1
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2
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Emphasizes the spatial relationships among structures
3
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Major levels of organization in living organismsCellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ level
Organ system
Organism
4
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We have things we respond to both autonomatic and voluntarily such as a hot
stove or a neuron firing
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Growth and differentiation- Organisms are going to grow and become different based on the
increase of cells or increase in cell size
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Reproduction
Movement- internal and external
Metabolism and Excretion- chemicals must be broken down in all organisms
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5
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6
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Digestive System- Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, small and large Intestine, pancreas,
stomach, liver, gallbladder, esophagus
Oral cavity-receptacle for food, works with associated structures such as teeth and tongue to
break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx
Salivary glands- provide buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion
pharynx- Conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract
Esophagus-delivers food to the stomach
Stomach- Secretes acid and enzymes
small Intestine- Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients
Liver-Secretes bile, regulates nutrients, composition of blood
Gallbladder- stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine
Pancreas- secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells
large intestine- removes water from fecal material; stores waste
Endocrine System-Kidneys, adrenal gland, thyroid glad, thymus gland, pituitary glad,
peritoneal gland, pancreas, gonads(testes, ovaries) , pineal gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, suprarenal
Pineal gland- May control timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms
Pituitary gland- controls other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance
Thyroid gland- Controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels
Parathyroid glands- Regulates calcium levels (with thyroid)
Thymus- Controls maturation of lymphocytes
suprarenal glands- Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory
activity
Kidneys- control RBC production and elevate blood pressure
Pancreas- Regulates blood glucose levels
Gonads
Testes-supports male sexual characteristics and reproduction
Ovaries- Supports female sexual characteristics and functions
Respiratory System-lungs, Nasal cavities and Paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses- filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells
pharynx- conducts air to larynx, a chamber shared with the digestive tract
Larynx- Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
Trachea- filters air, traps particles in mucus, conducts air to lungs, cartilages keep airway
open
Bronchi- same functions as trachea; diameter decreases as branching occurs
...

Axial muscles- Support and position axial skeleton

Appendicular- support, move and brace limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses- harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
Skeletal-bones(Axial and Appendicular skeleton), cartilage, joints, bone marrow
Bones, cartilage, joints- Support, protect soft tissue, bones store minerals
Axial skeleton (skull vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, ribs, supporting cartilage and
ligaments)- Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity;
supports the body weight over the lower libs
Appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments)-Provides internal support
and positing of the limbs, supports and moves axial skeleton
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Many of the
words have roots in other languages (especially Latin and Greek)
...

examples:
1) neuro-nerves
2) sarco- flesh (myo-) muscle
3) chondro- cartilage
4) hema/hemo/hemat- blood

1)-lemma-confining membrane
2)-algia-pain
3)- blast-bud or germ
4)-lysis-decompisition, dissolving, destruction

5) glu/gly-sugar

5)-genesis-beginning, development

6) lipo-fat

6)-oma-swelling and tumor

7) cyto-cell

7)-malacia-softening of tissues

8) osteo-bone

8) -cyte-cell

*Understanding the meaning of anatomical/medical terminology requires an understanding of the

etymology as well as the actual definition
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Ana (up) + tomos (cut) = to cut up, dissect
Anatomy: the science of form/structure of living organisms
Etymology: is the study of the origin or words/phrases, the true meaning of words
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Chemical/molecular
the human body is made up of many chemicals but 99% of those include Hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
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Cellular- chemicals made up together
Includes cells- the smallest unit of living
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Cells and organelles are made up of complex chemicals
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Tissue-groups of cells
4
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Organ system-groups of organs
6
...
8

Body regions

cephalic*, cervical, thoracic,
dorsal*

Table 1
...
9

Directional terminology
Anatomical directions

distal, plantar, superficial, cephalic

Figure 1
...
2

Planes

sagittal, frontal, transverse

Figure 1
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13
Figure 1
...
8

Digestive SystemOral cavitySalivary glandspharynxEsophagusStomachsmall IntestineLiverGallbladderPancreaslarge intestineEndocrine System-Kidneys, adrenal gland, thyroid glad, thymus gland, pituitary glad,
peritoneal gland, pancreas, gonads(testes, ovaries) , pineal gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, suprarenal
Pineal gland- May control timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms
Pituitary gland- controls other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance
Thyroid gland- Controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels
Parathyroid glands- Regulates calcium levels (with thyroid)
Thymus- Controls maturation of lymphocytes
suprarenal glands- Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory
activity
Kidneys- control RBC production and elevate blood pressure
Pancreas- Regulates blood glucose levels
Gonads
Testes-supports male sexual characteristics and reproduction
Ovaries- Supports female sexual characteristics and functions
Respiratory System-lungs, Nasal cavities and Paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses- filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells
pharynx- conducts air to larynx, a chamber shared with the digestive tract
Larynx- Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
Trachea- filters air, traps particles in mucus, conducts air to lungs, cartilages keep airway
open
Bronchi- same functions as trachea; diameter decreases as branching occurs
...

Axial muscles- Support and position axial skeleton
Appendicular- support, move and brace limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses- harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
Skeletal-bones(Axial and Appendicular skeleton), cartilage, joints, bone marrow
Bones, cartilage, joints- Support, protect soft tissue, bones store minerals
Axial skeleton (skull vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, ribs, supporting cartilage and
ligaments)- Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity;
supports the body weight over the lower libs
Appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments)-Provides internal support
and positing of the limbs, supports and moves axial skeleton

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