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CHAPTER 14 (Includes Ch 13 review)

Nervous System:
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Learning Objectives
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Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is 18 inches long, begins at the foramen magnum, ends at L1-L2
The spinal cord has segments, each segment has a pair of dorsal roots and dorsal ganglia,
and a pair of ventral roots
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These layers
provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption
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Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through
sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain
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Locate the spinal meninges and provide a brief description of their structure/
function
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Discuss the structure and location of gray matter and describe the role it plays in
processing and relaying sensory information
The gray matter is located in the inner section of the spinal cord and surrounds the central
canal
It is structures in horns and commissures
The gray matter plays a role in processing and relaying sensory information through sensory
nuclei receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors, such as touch
receptors in the skin
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Identify the regional groups of spinal nerves
7
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Define dermatomes and explain their significance
A sensory region monitored by the dorsal rami of a single spinal segment, where each pair of
spinal nerves monitors a specific region of the body surface
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9
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a complex interwoven network of nerves that are formed by the ventral rami of adjacent
spinal nerves that blend their fibers to produce this series of compound nerve trunks
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Describe the process/steps of a neural reflex
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Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
2
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Information processing, processing begins when a neurotransmitter released by synaptic
terminals of the sensory neuron reaches the postsynaptic membrane of either a motor
neuron or an interneuron
4
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Response of a peripheral effector
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g
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afferent
2
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interneurons
Afferent Neurons
Also known as sensory neurons
Role: carry information to the CNS
Structure:
Dendrites synapse with (receive information from) various sensory receptors in the periphery
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ACTION POTENTIAL
The dendrites of a neuron are excited
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Overview of THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !3




Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !4

(Basic) Spinal Cord/Nerve Anatomy
SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
~18 inches long
Begins @
Ends @

Segments are transverse regions of the spinal cord – typically correspond to the vertebral bone
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Also indicate anterior and posterior relative to
the body
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SPINAL NERVES

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !6

(Major grouping of nerves of the PNS are cranial nerves and spinal nerves)

•
•

A spinal nerve is considered a mixed nerve because it contains both sensory and motor
neurons
Spinal nerves branch into:
➢
➢

31 pairs of spinal nerves:
•
•
•
•
•

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !7

Additional Information on Spinal Nerve Anatomy
NERVE PLEXUSES
Segments controlling skeletal muscle of the body (neck, upper & lower extremity) – these nerves
exiting the ventral rami do not proceed directly to the target
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g
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Epineurium
2
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Endoneurium
REFLEXES: immediate, involuntary motor responses to a specific stimulus
Reflex Arc
1
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3
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5
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Dura Mater

2
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Subarachnoid space contains:

Pia Mater

(Skip: conus medullaris, filum terminale)

Enlargements of the spinal cord are locations along the spinal cord where the gray matter is
considerably larger; in segments that are responsible for sensory and motor innervation of the limbs
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1a)
Cervical Enlargement – nerves to pectoral girdle and upper extremity
Lumbosacral Enlargement - nerves to pelvic girdle and lower extremity

GRAY MATTER (of spinal cord)

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !10

Location:
Contains:
- Cell bodies of neurons
Arranged into groups called nuclei
• Sensory nuclei
• Motor nuclei
- Interneurons
- Glial cells
Structure:
Projections called = HORNS
• Posterior horn
•

Anterior horn

•

Lateral horn

Connections between sides = COMMISSURES
• Posterior commissure
•

Anterior commissure

WHITE MATTER (of spinal cord)
Divided into columns called = FUNICULI
• Posterior white columns
• Anterior white columns
• Lateral columns
Columns contain tracts called = FASCICULI

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, 11
!

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Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !12

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Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !13

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Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, !14

6
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6
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pounds
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8
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billions of Euros into the Spanish economy
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8
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11
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 The United Nations projects that Spain will be the world’s oldest country by
2050 – with 40 percent of the population aged over 60
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