Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Economics Of The European Union
Description: Notes answering exam based questions on topics within Economics of the European Union. The topics covered are mainly: The Strategy & Growth Pact, Lisbon Accord, EU Enlargement, Consequences of Britain's Exit From The EU
Description: Notes answering exam based questions on topics within Economics of the European Union. The topics covered are mainly: The Strategy & Growth Pact, Lisbon Accord, EU Enlargement, Consequences of Britain's Exit From The EU
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
What is meant by the tability and Growth Pact (SGP) Why, if iscal policy in the EU is ontrolled at
S
:
F
c
the na onal level should anagement of such policy be a a er of common concern
,
m
m
?
h ps://www
...
com/watch?v=‐VLImwEKIgI
Introduc on:
● For a monetary union, a clear budgetary discipline is key in establishing policy to counter
deficits
...
○ (Defined what ‘Excessive Debt’ was)
● Set out to establish clear Budgetary Discipline for monetary union purposes
...
More emphasis on monetary policy
and a monetary union
...
● Common Rules of SGP:
○ Fiscal policy was seen as a part of the monetary union and worked together with
monetary policy in contribu ng to threat management & coordina on
...
But it was s ll subject
to common rules set out by the EU
...
(Infla on & bad interest rates!)
○ Common Rules should provide a framework that allows fiscal policy to be
coordinated consistently
...
Maastricht Treaty: Final Discipline → Considered Fiscal Policy in 2 ways
...
(Correla on → Easier to iden fy problems that
may occur)
○ Contractual Obliga on → Prohibits taking over debts from member states & the
union
...
● Codified the debt criteria for the Monetary Union, the 3 percent deficit criteria in accordance
with GDP and the 60% government debt in terms of GDP
...
○ Yellow card = Deadline by council to correct budget imbalance
○ Red Card = Sanc ons in Euro area
...
If not
fully repaid in two years, incurs fine of 0
...
In Prac ce:
● This was all well and good, but there was a lack of follow through on the threats
...
○ EU was reluctant to impose fines → loss of goodwill
○ Members reluctant to incur fines → embarrassment
● Outcome = Member states adjust fiscal policy by enough to avoid forcing neighbours to
impose fines
...
○ Within country: Provides automa c transfers from fast growing regions to depressed
regions
...
○
E
...
→ US Federal tax system helps alleviate the costs associated with opera ng a
single currency
...
● The US is an Economic Union, implemen ng its Monetary and Fiscal Policies across all 50
states without ques on
...
But there is a common currency (the Euro) among
many European countries
...
(Important to note, with Fiscal Policy → These taxes will fall on all states, including the one that
benefi ed from the transfer = Value of insurance provided by transfer is reduced)
Why is this Important?
● Standard counter‐cyclical policy can be provided by na onal governments
...
○ Key Features: dependant on macro‐circumstances & how policy should adjust to
mid‐term objec ve, recognize structural changes to economy
...
5%
...
They highlighted issues in the following factors:
○ Equity
○ Flexibility
○ Rigidity
● France & Germany failed to pay a en on to specific economic circumstances of member
states
...
● Financial Crises effects:
○ Budget balance deteriorated by 5% of GDP
○ Debt posi on deteriorated by approx 20% of GDP
SGP Reform: The Six‐Pack (2011)
● New laws known as “six‐pack” which came into force in December 2011 → monitoring of
both budgetary & economic policies is organised under the European semester → Further
SGP’s rules laid down known as “code of conduct”
...
Strengthens “Excessive Deficit Procedure”
2
...
Define a new ‘expenditure benchmark’ to help assess progress towards the country
specific medium term budgetary objec ve
4
...
New scoreboard of performance indicators
...
○ Commission given power to demand revision of na onal budget plans → To avoid
excessive deficits
...
○ Seen as a step towards Fiscal Union
○ UK & Czech Republic don’t sign → Fiscal Compact takes form of interstate agreement
working in tandem with Six‐Pack
...
” Discuss…
T
Background:
● In March 2000 EU leaders commi ed the EU to become by 2010
○ “The most dynamic & compe ve knowledge based economy in the world capable of
sustainable economic growth with more & be er jobs & be er social cohesion &
respect for the environment”
● 1990’s: Economic prospect in Europe beginning to look good
● Infla on reduced by 5‐6% at beginning of 1990’s to 2‐3%
● Deficits reduced from around 6% at beginning of decade towards balance
● Interest rates showing stability & convergence at around 4% down from 10‐16%
The Problem:
● The Lisbon Agenda tried to offset the EU’s uninspiring economic performance
...
● Since its launch, the scheme has been falling far short of expecta ons → came under a great
deal of cri cal scru ny, most notably from sapir (2003) & Kok (2004) promp ng a substan al
revision of its ambi ous targets (6 in par cular)
● halfway through the policy in 2005 a restructure of goals → struck by the financial crisis in
2008 → However, the financial crises should not be used as an excuse as ⅔ of countries
would not of s ll excelled under the lisbon agenda
...
T where there is evidence of under‐investment
○ Age gap: Employment of 55‐65 age range much lower in Europe
Factors the Lisbon Agenda tried to address:
(Overall GDP growth from different areas)
● Employment Deficit
● Knowledge Deficit
● Comple ng Single Market → “Single European Market”
● Business & Enterprise Gap
● Labour Market Cohesion
● Sustainable Environmental Policy
Failures of the Lisbon Strategy:
● The biggest failure of the Lisbon Strategy was that despite ini al posi ve results, overall it fell
short in transforming the EU into “the most compe ve economy and knowledge‐based
economy in the world
...
Lack of proper governance caused the Research and
Innova on gap within EU countries to widen (Internal EU gap!)
○ Varia on and disparity across Member States in terms of performance!
○ Knowledge gap widened between growing Western European countries and slow
Eastern European countries
...
● Lisbon Strategy was framed in terms of increasing social cohesion
○ Strategy involved se ng objec ves that were ambi ous and realic, using clear
indicators,
○ Ensuring flexibility for Member States to be able to implement their respec ve
policies, and closer coopera on based on exchanging experience
...
○ Main difficulty was was Individual States not being able to agree on a common
direc on
...
● The 2005 redesigning of the Lisbon Strategy halfway through decade caused further social
cohesion ignorance and gap
...
Problems and Reasons of Lisbon Agenda Failure
First Major Problem: → Weak Governance Structures
● Selected the ‘So ’ mode of governance over a centralized suprana onal method
○ Recogni on that the poten ally affected policy areas are too sensi ve for exposure
to EU scru ny
...
○
●
●
By establishing a cogni ve arena as a means for spreading the best prac ce, while
s ll allowing Member States to maintain their own structural arrangements
...
○ No effec ve system of control mechanism to issue rulings and sanc ons to enforce
compliance
...
etc…
...
Links to inability to effec vely implement the Strategy and Growth Pact!
● Lisbon Strategy declared → Applying appropriate mix of macroeconomic policies would be
key to achieving sustainable growth in EU
...
Nega vely affec ng investment and growth!
Second Major Problem: → Shi ing Priori es
● Unstable nature of objec ves set → Priori es of strategy fluctuated over me
...
g
...
○ Shi in focus
● Disrup on did not suit Stakeholders
...
In February 2009, The European Commission claimed that “economically, nlargement has
e
benefi ed both old and ew member states as well as the U as a whole
...
Background:
● May 2004→ 10 new members join EU
● 2007 → Bulgaria & Romania set to join
● Croa a & Turkey nego a ng
Issues:
● Which one is be er?
● Widening the economy or deepening it?
● Are they compa ble?
● Accession of new members established by Copenhagen council (1993)
Elements Include (support/ laws/ compliance)
● PHARE ‐ Program of assistance
● Europe/ Associa on Agreements
● ‘Structural Dialogue’ of EU that discusses issues of common interest
● July 1997 commision published “opinions” on readiness of applicant countries→
incorporated in the Agenda 2000 document
...
6 Billion Euros pa
...
for
Infrastructure
...
5 billion pa
...
●
●
Between 1991 & 1996 → EU signs Europe Agreements with 10 CEEC’s
Agreements are Legal Instruments!
○ Covering trade, legal issues & poli cal dialogue
●
Created FTA between EU & CEEC’s
○ Some Asymmetry → EU cut tariff barriers first
...
○ Thus, membership implies move FTA to CU
Transi on accompanied by rapid reorienta on of trade with EU
...
5 billion (& growing!)
Small Costs for West ‐ Big Gains for East!
● Costs and problems inherent with Eastern countries → Poor performance & War
● But, EU a empted to use membership as lever → Stability Pact
○ Increased trade and less military costs (forms alliances)
● Set condi on → Approach differen ated on compliance of country with peace & coopera on
● Baldwin, Francois & Portes
● Inves gate costs & benefits of enlargement using → Global Equilibrium Model
○ Based on standard Economic Theory
●
●
BFP iden fy channels for transmission of costs & benefits
○ CEEC Benefit → Improved investment environment (reduced risk premium)
○ Cost to EU → Small in rela on to GDP
○ But large in rela on to EU budget
Absence of key Labour Market effects → Migra on!
●
Conserva ve es mates based on Alloca on & Accumula on effects suggests…
○ All European regions gain from enlargement!
○ Rises everywhere, but distribu on uneven → CEEC’s gain propor onally more
because of large ini al distor on
...
● Strength in numbers:
○ Live in a world of emerging superpowers → A bigger EU will be be er placed to make
its voice and its values respected
...
Points against the Economic Enlargement:
● Ins tu onal overload:
○ With 28 members the Union is already teetering on the brink of ins tu onal gridlock
→ Any more would overload the system → ich members like Germany can’t afford
R
to pay for the likes of Turkey and Montenegro
...
● Deeper not wider:
○ Successive enlargement have diluted the aims of the EU’s founding fathers → The
larger the EU becomes, the less likely it is to develop into a true poli cal union
...
● It's not good for them:
○
These countries are not ready for EU membership → their economies would not
survive the compe on and they would become dependant on the West
...
● Core argument based on mix of poli cal & economic situa ons:
○ Desire not to engage in “closer union” and exit
○ Cost/Benefit considera ons
...
e migra on
Channels of Influence:
● EU membership impacts UK through various channels:
● Trade:
○ Benefit from → Single Market
○ EU has exclusive competence to nego ate trade & investment agreements with
countries outside union
...
Trade:
● Trade serves dual purpose:
○ Deters violent conflict
○ Fuels growth
● Benefits of trade command widespread agreement:
○ Trade openness associated with increasing compe on & technological innova on
○ lead s to welfare improvements & growth
Regula on:
● EU has the power to to legislate in mul ple areas that affect businesses
● To gain access to single market
○ Non‐EU countries must apply all EU legisla on relevant to free movement of good,
services, capital and trade
○ Together with laws of employment, consumer protec on, environmental policy &
legisla on
Foreign Direct Investment:
● FDI contributes to fron er management prac ces
○ Increases compe on & promotes technical innova on
● UK is one of the main FDI recipients in Europe!
● (2013) Ernst & Young A rac veness Survey → UK recognised as most a rac ve loca on for
investment in EU
...
○ If leaving EU doesn’t reduce UK growth and tax revenues
...
● So… If we exit with no preferen al agreements → EU MFN tariffs will now apply to approx
90% of UK exports to EU!
● Exporters become less price compe ve than counterparts in EU
○ And countries where EU has preferen al trading rela onship
●
UK inherits EU tariff posi on on departure → Needing renego a on (I
...
Wine from Australia
‐ 32% tariff)
Summary & Impact on Europe:
● Decision to remain is strongly poli cal
● Risks to leaving:
○ Inability to replicate trading area
○ Need to replicate membership arrangements without ability to influence underlying
structure
○ Role of London in Europe & UK as des na on for FDI uncertain
Title: Economics Of The European Union
Description: Notes answering exam based questions on topics within Economics of the European Union. The topics covered are mainly: The Strategy & Growth Pact, Lisbon Accord, EU Enlargement, Consequences of Britain's Exit From The EU
Description: Notes answering exam based questions on topics within Economics of the European Union. The topics covered are mainly: The Strategy & Growth Pact, Lisbon Accord, EU Enlargement, Consequences of Britain's Exit From The EU