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Title: VALVULAR DISEASE
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.

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VALVULAR  DISEASE  NOTES  
 
Valvular  disease  is  damage  or  a  defect  to  one  or  more  of  the  heart  valves
...
 Its  function  is  to  prevent  
the  regurgitation  of  blood  from  the  aorta  
back  into  the  left  ventricle
...
   
 
It  is  comprised  of  3  half  moon  shaped  cusps  
and  3  commissures
...
   
 
 
AO  STENOSIS:  
The  obstruction  of  blood  flow  across  the  aortic  valve  from  the  left  ventricle
...
   
 
There  is  a  build  up  of  pressure  in  the  LV  so  there  is  compensatory  LVH
...
 The  LV  
needs  more  oxygen  to  overcome  the  high  afterload  but  oxygen  demands  can  not  be  met  –  
leads  to  angina  symptoms    
 
Risk  Factors:  
• Hypertension  
• Diabetes  
• Smoking  
• Hypercholesterolemia    
 
Treatment:  
Balloon  valvuloplasty  –  Balloon  inserted  into  heart  and  inflated  to  try  and  open  the  valve
...
 
 
Valve  replacement  –  bio-­‐prosethetic/  mechanical    
 
TAVI  –  transcathater  aortic  valve  implant,  it  is  as  an  alternative  to  open  heart  surgery  

AO  REGURGITATION:  
 
Diastolic  flow  of  blood  from  aorta  to  LV  due  to  incompetence  of  the  valve  or  valvular  
apparatus
...
 It  opens  during  diastole  to  allow  blood  to  flow  from  the  LA  to  LV    
Normal  function  depends  on:  LA  wall  
 
 
 
 
LV  wall  
 
 
 
 
Annulus  
 
 
 
 
Leaflets  (2)  
 
 
 
 
Chordae  Tendinae
 
                                                                               Papillary  Muscles    
 
 
 
 
 
 
MITRAL  VALVE  STENOSIS:  
Obstruction  of  LV  inflow  at  the  level  of  the  
mitral  valve  due  to  a  structural  abnormality  of  mitral  valve  apparatus
...
 Most  
common  cause  is  rheumatic  fever  
 
2/3  female  –  due  to  rheumatic  fever    
1:100,000  prevalence  
 
As  orifice  size  decreases  pressure  gradient  across  the  valve  increases  to  maintain  adequate  
flow  
LA  pressure  increases  due  to  transmitral  pressure  gradient
...
g
...
 
 
• Rheumatic  disease    
• Infective  endocarditis    
• Cardiomyopathy  
• Ischaemic  heat  disease  
 
Fatigue,  SOB,  progressive  signs  of  heart  failure  and  exercise  intolerance  are  symptoms  of  
mitral  valve  regurgitation
...
 It  is  associated  with  females  with  low  BMI  and  advanced  age
...
   
This  leads  to  an  increased  TOTAL  stroke  volume  but  FORWARD  stroke  volume  is  decreased  
because  much  of  the  total  stroke  volume  is  regurgitated
...
 
LA  and  LV  dilate    
As  the  LV  progressively  enlarges  the  mitral  annulus  may  stretch  and  prevent  the  leaflets  
coapting  during  systole,  this  worsens  regurgitation  and  LV  dilation  
This  can  lead  to  LV  impairment  
Higher  LV  end  systolic  and  diastolic  volumes  cause  elevation  of  the  pressure  in  the  LA  and  
LV
...
   
 
PROLAPSE:  
One  or  both  of  the  mitral  valve  leaflets  bulge  backwards  into  LA  during  systole
...
   
 
The  valve  is  opened  by  increased  pressure  in  the  RV  
during  systole
...
   
 
STENOSIS  
Dynamic  or  fixed  obstruction  of  flow  from  the  RV  to  the  pulmonary  artery  across  the  
pulmonary  valve
...
 It  affects  10%  of  the  population
...
 
 
There  is  an  increased  pressure  gradient  proximal  to  the  obstruction
...
 
RVH  occurs  to  ensure  forward  flow  is  maintained
...
 A  mild/  trace  
amount  is  found  in  most  people,  particularly  elderly  patients
...
 
 
It  can  result  in  RV  impairment,  eventually  RV  overload  and  RV  heart  failure
...
   
**TREAT  THE  CAUSE**  
 
TREATMENTS  
• Valve  repair/  replacement    
• Balloon  valvuloplasty    
 
 
 

TRICUSPID  VALVE  
 
It  is  located  between  the  RA  and  RV  to  prevent  backflow  of  blood  from  the  RV  into  RA
...
 
 
It  is  almost  always  rheumatic  in  origin
...
 
 
If  rheumatic  fever  is  the  cause  the  valve  leaflets  become  thickened  and  stenotic  while  
the  chordae  tendinae  become  shorter
...
   
RA  enlargement  is  a  consequence    
Obstructed  venous  return  leads  to  peripheral  oedema,  decreased  pulmonary  blood  flow  
and  hepatic  enlargement
...
g  endocarditis/  rheumatic  fever  
Balloon  Valuloplasty  
Significant  stenosis  warrants  a  valve  replacement    
 
REGURGITATION    
It  may  be  as  a  result  of  structural  alterations  of  any  or  all  vavular  components
...
 If  it  is  primary  it  is  caused  by  an  intrinsic  
abnormality,  if  it  is  secondary  is  is  caused  by  something  else  e
...
 RV  dilation
...
   
 
Chronically  it  can  lead  to  RV  volume  overload  which  results  in  right  sided  heart  failure
Title: VALVULAR DISEASE
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.