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Title: VALVULAR DISEASE
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.
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VALVULAR DISEASE NOTES
Valvular disease is damage or a defect to one or more of the heart valves
...
Its function is to prevent
the regurgitation of blood from the aorta
back into the left ventricle
...
It is comprised of 3 half moon shaped cusps
and 3 commissures
...
AO STENOSIS:
The obstruction of blood flow across the aortic valve from the left ventricle
...
There is a build up of pressure in the LV so there is compensatory LVH
...
The LV
needs more oxygen to overcome the high afterload but oxygen demands can not be met –
leads to angina symptoms
Risk Factors:
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Hypercholesterolemia
Treatment:
Balloon valvuloplasty – Balloon inserted into heart and inflated to try and open the valve
...
Valve replacement – bio-‐prosethetic/ mechanical
TAVI – transcathater aortic valve implant, it is as an alternative to open heart surgery
AO REGURGITATION:
Diastolic flow of blood from aorta to LV due to incompetence of the valve or valvular
apparatus
...
It opens during diastole to allow blood to flow from the LA to LV
Normal function depends on: LA wall
LV wall
Annulus
Leaflets (2)
Chordae Tendinae
Papillary Muscles
MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS:
Obstruction of LV inflow at the level of the
mitral valve due to a structural abnormality of mitral valve apparatus
...
Most
common cause is rheumatic fever
2/3 female – due to rheumatic fever
1:100,000 prevalence
As orifice size decreases pressure gradient across the valve increases to maintain adequate
flow
LA pressure increases due to transmitral pressure gradient
...
g
...
• Rheumatic disease
• Infective endocarditis
• Cardiomyopathy
• Ischaemic heat disease
Fatigue, SOB, progressive signs of heart failure and exercise intolerance are symptoms of
mitral valve regurgitation
...
It is associated with females with low BMI and advanced age
...
This leads to an increased TOTAL stroke volume but FORWARD stroke volume is decreased
because much of the total stroke volume is regurgitated
...
LA and LV dilate
As the LV progressively enlarges the mitral annulus may stretch and prevent the leaflets
coapting during systole, this worsens regurgitation and LV dilation
This can lead to LV impairment
Higher LV end systolic and diastolic volumes cause elevation of the pressure in the LA and
LV
...
PROLAPSE:
One or both of the mitral valve leaflets bulge backwards into LA during systole
...
The valve is opened by increased pressure in the RV
during systole
...
STENOSIS
Dynamic or fixed obstruction of flow from the RV to the pulmonary artery across the
pulmonary valve
...
It affects 10% of the population
...
There is an increased pressure gradient proximal to the obstruction
...
RVH occurs to ensure forward flow is maintained
...
A mild/ trace
amount is found in most people, particularly elderly patients
...
It can result in RV impairment, eventually RV overload and RV heart failure
...
**TREAT THE CAUSE**
TREATMENTS
• Valve repair/ replacement
• Balloon valvuloplasty
TRICUSPID VALVE
It is located between the RA and RV to prevent backflow of blood from the RV into RA
...
It is almost always rheumatic in origin
...
If rheumatic fever is the cause the valve leaflets become thickened and stenotic while
the chordae tendinae become shorter
...
RA enlargement is a consequence
Obstructed venous return leads to peripheral oedema, decreased pulmonary blood flow
and hepatic enlargement
...
g endocarditis/ rheumatic fever
Balloon Valuloplasty
Significant stenosis warrants a valve replacement
REGURGITATION
It may be as a result of structural alterations of any or all vavular components
...
If it is primary it is caused by an intrinsic
abnormality, if it is secondary is is caused by something else e
...
RV dilation
...
Chronically it can lead to RV volume overload which results in right sided heart failure
Title: VALVULAR DISEASE
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.
Description: Covers stenosis, regurgitation/prolapse for all 4 heart valves (aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid). Covers pathophysiology, treatment options and causes.