Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

1

CHAPTER 1

1
...
Today phones have everything ranging from the

smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dial, video player, audio player, and camera and so

on
...
Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight

that means the two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth

you can transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50

meters
...
The global mobile phone is
upon the cell phone market
...
Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used
...
Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal

computer designers
...
Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real

bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its

customers
...
5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard

Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants
...


1
...
This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been
largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a medium for supporting other services,

such as the transmission of video, images, text, and data
...
Although there are, of course, still a great many technical problems to be solved in

wireline communications, demands for additional wireline capacity can be fulfilled largely
with the addition of new private infrastructure, such as additional optical fiber, routers,
[Type here]

2

switches, and so on
...
Unfortunately, these
two resources are among the most severely limited in the deployment of modern wireless

networks: radio bandwidth because of the very tight situation with regard to useful radio
spectrum, and transmitter power because mobile and other portable services require the use of
battery power, which is limited
...
On the other hand, one

resource that is growing at a very rapid rate is that of processing power
...
Given these

circumstances, there has been considerable research effort in recent years aimed at developing
new wireless capacity through the deployment of greater intelligence in wireless networks
...
The purpose of this

book is to present some of the most recent of these receiver signal processing methods in a
single place and in a unified framework
...
1 Evolution from 1g-5g networks

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide
...
What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies? 1G, 2G,
3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity
...


Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not

support the automatic change of channel frequency during calls
...
It's out-dated now
...
Cell phones era began with 1G
...


Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G
...
2G and 2
...
And GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no internet
...
GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was created
...


Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology
...
It has been specially
made for the demand of internet on smart phones
...
5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7
...


A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and 3
...
But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, it’s not as popular
as GSM yet
...
5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap
...
5G, 3G ushered in faster datatransmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways
...
e
...

[Type here]

4

Cell phone companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of
their 3G network
...
While the GSM EDGE standard ("2
...
4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourthgeneration” cell phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution
...
No doubt,

4G will open new doors of revolutionary internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3
...
4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps
...


[Type here]

5

2
...
2
...
1 1G Mobile Phone
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue signal

is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,

developed in the 1980s
...
Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers
(which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call

is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically
150 MHz and up
...
Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United
Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI
in Italy
...


[Type here]

6

1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured mobile radio telephones and such

technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)
...
Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s

2
...
4kbps

3
...
Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country
...


The conversation was a full duplex meaning both the persons can talk & listen at a time
...

The system was able to handle the billing, roaming and call setup functionality
...


Text messaging was also possible in this generation with some sophisticated devices
...
In the current days this generation’s system & devices are
no more used
...
3 2G wireless system

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology
...
2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity
...


2G technology is more efficient
...
All text messages are digitally encrypted
...
Second

generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division

multiple access (CDMA)
...
CDMA
allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel
...
CDMA technology is IS-95
...
GSM (Global system for mobile

communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies
...
GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming
...
GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS)

to any mobile network at any time
...
This technology is beneficial to both the network
operators and the ultimate users at the same time
...
If a 2G handset made a call far away
from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it
...


This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which
had a jagged, angular curve
...
Data transfer
in speeds is up to 64kbps
...
Fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s

2
...
2G was the digital handsets that we are used today

4
...


FIG 2
...
1 2G Mobile Phone
Capacity
Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in two
key ways:
Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog
voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be transmitted in
same amount of radio bandwidth
...
This meant
that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space
...


2G Data Transmission Capacity:

With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), you have a theoretical transfer speed of max
...


[Type here]

9

With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical transfer
speed of max
...

Disadvantages

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone may not be
sufficient to reach a cell tower
...
National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can
be deployed
...
This can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage
...
Under slightly
worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts
...

Advantage

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression they
use reduces their quality, meaning that the range of sound that they convey is reduced
...


2
...
The term "second

and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched
domain in addition to the circuit switched domain
...


The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction

of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
...
So the cellular services combined with enhanced data transmission
capabilities became known as '2
...
'

GPRS could provide data rates from 56 Kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s
...
GPRS
[Type here]

10

data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication
via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether
the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state
...
6 kbps,

delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbps in commercial networks
...


GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding
...
EDGE was deployed on GSM
networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States
...
The specification achieves

higher data-rates (up to 236
...

Keys:

1
...
5G
2
...
5G represents handsets with data capabilities over GPRS
3
...
4 3G wireless system

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or
3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union
...
3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users
...
Spectral efficiency is the
measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system
...


Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance
in computer networking (WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone

and GPS) Data are sent through technology called packet switching Voice calls are interpreted

using circuit switching Access to Global Roaming Clarity in voice calls Fast Communication,
Internet, Mobile T
...
are also available with3G phones
...
3G specifications and standards were
developed in fifteen years
...
The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated
for 3G
...
The
first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded
as FOMA
...
The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on
1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the
system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability
...


The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMAbased 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002
...

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks,
on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations
...
AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed
its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA
...
Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on
2,100 MHz
...
The first
commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or
"3" in June 2003

Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service for the first time in Asia
...
In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio
frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely
new frequencies, especially so to achieve high data transmission rates
...
Due to these issues and
difficulties with deployment, many carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these
updated capabilities
...

In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use WCDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile
networks
...
(See Telecoms crash
...


The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile
communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone
...
3G has also introduced the term "mobile
broadband" because its speed and capability make it a viable alternative for internet browsing,
and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks are becoming increasingly common
...
5 4G wireless system

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards
...
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the
fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and
new frequency bands
...
3G (Third Generation

Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global
positioning system) and video conferencing
...


However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making
decision to fix the data rates
...
ITU sell various frequency rates in order to make use of broadband

technologies
...
3G technology is much flexible, because it

is able to support the 5 major radio technologies
...
CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMTMC (multi carrier)
...
FDMA has only one radio

interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code
...
This agreement took place in order to increase its adoption
by the users
...
3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should
be expandable on demand
...
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices
gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users
...
Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone
...
Tele-medicine a medical

provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber
...


[Type here]

14
Keys:

1
...
It offer both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere
3
...
4G should be able to provided very smooth global roaming ubiquitously with lower
cost

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications
sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International
Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed
requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility
communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low
mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users)
...
According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the
deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology
...

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802
...
Services were expected in 2013
...
As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is
abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carriertransmission
and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer
very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes)
...


[Type here]

15

2
...
Currently, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or

in any official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization
bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R
...
The
implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of 2020
...
5G is a completed wireless communication with almost no limitation; somehow people
called it REAL wireless world

2
...
V programs with
the clarity as to that of an HD T
...


3
...
5G will bring almost perfect real world wireless or called “WWWW: World Wide
Wireless Web

5
...

6
...


7
...


8
...


9
...
21, also expected to
be provided by future 4G releases)
...
5G, 3G, 4G

or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, PAN or any other future access technology
...


10
...
This dynamic radio resource management is achieved

[Type here]

16

in a distributed fashion, and relies on software defined radio
...
22 standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks
...
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems
...
6
...
1 What is 5g & what it offers

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology
...
User never experienced ever before such
a high value technology
...
The gigantic array of
innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning
...
A user
can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access
...
For children rocking fun Bluetooth
technology and Pico nets has become in market
...
Operator is looking ahead for wide scale deployment of LTE in 2012
...
LTE networking equipment and
handsets, already under development, will become available in 2010, and should be rolled out

in large quantities in Europe by 2012
...
But yet our question remains
unanswered
...


Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless telecommunication
...
But think of a common man who

utmost utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call
...


You might doubt how this verdict is applicable for current innovative world, where have
enormous splendid real time applications
...
This paper
[Type here]

18

mainly focuses on how a 5G network can provide more approach to a common man to utilize
his available possessions in an immense way to make him to feel the real progress
...
If you can able to sense
Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs
...
We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do so
...


5G Mobile can identify the best server
...
If

your mobile can intimate you before the call drops
...
Can
able to fold your mobile as per your desire
...
If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds
...
Mobile can able to suggest you

possible medicine as per your healthiness
...
Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode
...
1 concepts for 5g mobile networks

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as new

error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet
...
The terminals will have access

to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine
different flows from different technologies
...
In 5G, each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the

terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers

for a given service
...


FIG
...
1
...
1
...
1
...
e
...
For these two layers the 5G mobile networks is likely to be based on Open
Wireless Architecture
...
2
...
The IPv4 (version 4) is worldwide spread and it has several problems such as limited
address space and has no real possibility for QoS support per flow
...
Then, mobility still remains a problem
...
g
...
All mobile networks will use Mobile IP in 5G, and each mobile terminal

will be FA (Foreign Agent), keeping the CoA (Care of Address) mapping between its fixed
IPv6 address and CoA address for the current wireless network
...
In such case, it will maintain
different IP addresses for each of the radio interfaces, while each of these IP addresses will be

CoA address for the FA placed in the mobile Phone
...


FIG
...
2
...
5G Mobile Terminal Network Layer

The 5G mobile phone shall maintain virtual multi-wireless network environment
...
)
[Type here]

22

i
...
: Lower network layer (for each interface) and Upper network layer (for the mobile
terminal)
...
The middleware between

the Upper and Lower network layers (Fig
...


4
...
Open transport protocol (ota) layer

The mobile and wireless networks differ from wired networks regarding the transport layer
...

Therefore, TCP modifications and adaptation are proposed for the mobile and wireless

networks, which retransmit the lost or damaged TCP segments over the wireless link only
...
Such mobiles shall have the possibility to download (e
...
, TCP,
RTP etc
...
This is called here Open Transport Protocol - OTP
...
4
...
Today, in mobile phones the users

manually select the wireless interface for particular Internet service without having the
possibility to use QoS history to select the best wireless connection for a given service
...
The QoS parameters, such as

delay, jitter, losses, bandwidth, reliability, will be stored in a database in the 5G mobile phone
with aim to be used by intelligent algorithms running in the mobile terminal as system
processes, which at the end shall provide the best wireless connection upon required QoS and
personal cost constraints
...
1 Features

FEATURES

1
...


2
...


3
...


4
...


5
...


6
...

7
...


8
...


9
...


10
...

11
...


12
...
The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak
...
1 Basic architecture of 5g technology
 Ubiquitous Computing

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access the applications
want from any platform, anywhere, any time
...


Human life will be surrounded by intelligent sensors, which will bring radical change to human
life’s daily approaches of doing things, as:

Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car
...
So that you can view your sitting

room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing secure website
...


 Aggregator

Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber traffic is
aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways
...
Flat IP architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly
move from Base station to Media gateways
...


All network operators (GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super

core with massive capacity
...
The concept

of super core will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now
network operator is facing
...


 Flatter IP concept

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation with smaller

feature sizes
...
This will lead to even the Flatter IP network
...


Finally your cell phone will not be just access device but, it will also perform some of the
Radio Resource Management functions
...


Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data transmitted to align
infrastructure capabilities with emerging application requirements
...
Evolve radio access and packet core networks

independently of each other to a greater extent than in the past, creating greater flexibility in
network planning and deployment
...
Create a
platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to be competitive, from a
price/performance perspective, with wired networks
...
1 Nano core

NANO CORE

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization
...

What Nicholas Negroponte labelled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of
all media content
...


The 5G Nanocore is a convergence of below mention technologies
...

• Nanotechnology
...

• All IP Platform
...
1
...
i
...


between 0
...
The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT)
...
The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo
international conference on production engineering
...
Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile
as well as the core network
...
This is considered as a most
significant in telecommunication
...


 Nano Equipment (NE):

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world it has turned
into an identity of an individual
...
One of the central visions of the wireless industry
aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to

serve the user in an intelligent way
...
Mobile devices

together with the intelligence that will be embedded in human environments – home, office,
public places – will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and
communication
...


• Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air
pollution present, etc
...
In 5G network this central remote server will be our content provider
...
The same concept is going to

be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his private account form a global content
provider through Nanocore in form of cloud
...
Since cloud computing relies on the networks, it

shows the significance of networks and promotes network development
...
Operators can

enter the cloud computing market and create new value-added services and experiences by
integrating industry content and applications in the digital supermarket model
...
Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum cryptography
...
The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses
...
Applications – It is based on, on demand software services
...
They vary in their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered

to the end users
...


2
...
Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed platforms that
[Type here]

29

allow users to access applications from centralized servers
...
com and sales force are some of the active
...
Infrastructure – The third segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is the
backbone of the entire concept
...
Cloud storage, such as Amazon’s S3, is also considered to be
part of the infrastructure segment
...


The concept of cloud computing will reduce the CAPEX of 5G network deployment
...


 All IP Network:

As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a single 5G Nanocore, we
require a common platform to interact, Flat IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G

network
...
To meets customer demand for real-time
data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to

flat IP network architectures
...

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:
• Lower costs

• Universal seamless access
• Improved user experience
• Reduced system latency

• Decoupled radio access and core network evolution
The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance demands on IP based
equipment and devices, which in turn is growing demand for multicore technology
...
Within a few years, more than 10 billion fixed and mobile devices

will be connected via the Internet to add to the more than one billion already connected
...


 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of trade between
the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and power to given platform
...
As a result of growing level of acceptance of
the wireless technologies in different fields, challenges and types of wireless systems
associated with them are changing
...


Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably raises the question of inter-

working among the radio access technologies in a newly designed system, which will not
demand changes in the RATs, but only introduction of control functionalities the core
networks
...
To meet the relevant
requirements of the user applications are generally considered two possible models for
interoperability between building blocks of radio access technologies within the heterogeneous

system
...


The first model involves introducing a certain level of integration between the radio access
technology through which mobile access terminal, in this direction have been made different

analysis and developed different standards that should define the levels of architecture
connectivity for realizing vertical handover between different access technologies involved in

the construction of heterogeneous domain
...
The second model is called the Internet model, which represents a focus for further
[Type here]

31

development in this paper and refers to providing continuity of customer service in case of
independent radio access technologies available to the mobile terminal by connecting on the

network level
...
e
...


The ultimate goal of both models for interoperability is the same and it is providing a
transparent transfer of user information between client applications and related application
servers without impact on the diversity of access technologies in the communication process

and providing continuity of user sessions in the communication process
...
Apart from this

difference, very important are vertical handover between access technologies and the
conditions or circumstances which trigger handovers
...


In such networks are strictly defined rules for vertical handovers, mainly dictated by conditions
in the radio access networks, or by the operator's preference, while user preferences are taken
into cooperative architectures
...
In these methods, generally
speaking, vertical handover is accomplished as a result of the conditions under which user
applications see main qualitative parameters of service or experience to the user
...
1 design of 5g mobile network architecture

Figure 8
...
1 design of 5G network

Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G mobile
systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability
...


Within each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the
outside Internet world
...
For an example, if want to have access to four different RATs, need to

have four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them
active at the same time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional
...
1 benefits of 5g technology

1
...

2
...
Bi directional, accurate traffic statistics
...
Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
...
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error
...
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting
almost 65,000 connections
...
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency
...
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast
solution
...
1 History of mobile phones
The history of mobile phones records the development of interconnection between the public
switched telephone systems to radio transceivers
...
Early systems used bulky, high power consuming

equipment and supported only a few conversations at a time, with required manual set-up of
the interconnection
...


The transmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history going back to

Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through

the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links
...
Hand-held radio

transceivers have been available since the Second World War
...


[Type here]

35

First generation: Cellular networks
The technological development that distinguished the First Generation of mobile

phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer

calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation
...
The initial launch network covered the full metropolitan area of Tokyo's over 20

million inhabitants with a cellular network of 23 base stations
...


Analog Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Advanced Mobile Phone System mobile phone as of 1983
...
[17] NMT was the first mobile phone network

to feature international roaming
...
The NMT installations were based on the Ericsson AXE
digital exchange nodes
...
A two year trial started in 1981 in Baltimore and Washington DC with
150 users and 300 Motorola DynaTAC pre-production phones
...
The DC area trial turned into a commercial
services in about 1983 with fixed cellular car phones also built by Motorola
...
A similar trial and commercial launch also took place in

Chicago by Ameritech in 1983 using the famous first hand-held mobile phone Motorola
DynaTAC
...
Analog AMPS was
superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990
...
The sites were set up so that
cells partially overlapped and different base stations operated using the same frequencies with
little or no interference
...

The technology in these early networks was pushed to the limit to accommodate

increasing usage
...
As the system expanded and neared capacity, the

ability to reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be added, resulting in more, smaller

cells and thus more capacity
...
These sites originally
created large cells, and so had their antennae mounted atop high towers; the towers were
designed so that as the system expanded—and cell sizes shrank—the antennae could be
lowered on their original masts to reduce range
...
These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead
of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling
...


In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland
...
For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G

systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G
systems
...


[Type here]

38

Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger

"brick" phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices
...
The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the
base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move
...
Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there
would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds
...
The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G
technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission
...


The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in

Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001
...
In 2002 the first 3G networks on
the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South
Korea, and Monet in the USA
...
By the end of 2002, the second

WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank)
...
2003
saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EVDO standard
...
5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and

GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks
...
CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s
...


The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry:

for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became

possible, with companies such as Real Networks and Disney among the early pioneers in this
type of offering
...
It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile

telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also

coined 3
...
Current
HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1
...
6, 7
...
0 Mbit/s
...


By the end of 2007 there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide,

which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base
...
The 3G telecoms services

generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority
of new phones activated were 3G phones
...

[Type here]

40

Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the

Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid
2000s that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet
...
Another new class

of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel

MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously
over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in
...
Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the
mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed
...

Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks"
...
By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the
Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with
embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless
internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall
...
Consequently, the

industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of

speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies
...
S
...
One of the main ways in

which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead
employing an all-IP network
...


[Type here]

41

CHAPTER 10

10
...
Currently, there are many available radio access technologies, which provide

possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is migration of

all services in IP environment, including the traditional telephony and even television, besides
the traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used among the others
...
It is expected

that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more

functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of mobile
networks, here referred to as 5G
...
The

architecture includes introduction of software agents in the mobile terminal, which will be used
for communication with newly defined nodes called Policy Routers, which shall be placed in

the core network
...
Based on the given policies, the change

of the RAT, i
...
, vertical handover, is executed via tunnel change by the Policy Router, and
such change is based on the given policies regarding the

Quality of Service and user preferences, as well as performance measurement obtained by the

user equipment via new defined procedure for that purpose in this paper, called Quality of
Service Policy based ROuting (QoSPRO)
...


In this paper we have proposed 5G mobile phone concept, which is the main contribution of
the paper
...
Currently, the ongoing work is on the modules that shall
provide the best QoS and lowest cost for a given service using one or more than one wireless
technology at the same time from the 5G mobile phone
...

There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of

telecommunications
...
2 Future enhancement

5G network technology will open a new era in mobile communication technology
...
5G

technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user
...
The 5G mobile phones will be a tablet
PC
...


[Type here]

43

CHAPTER 11
11
...


2G: Second generation voice-centric mobile phones and services with limited data rates
ranging from 9
...
2 kbps
...
5G: Interim hardware and software mobile solutions between 2G and 3G with voice and
data capabilities and data rates ranging from 56 kbps to 170 kbps
...
This technology is capable of

handling streaming video two way voice over IP and Internet connectivity with support for
high quality graphics
...
3GPP is an industry body set up to develop a
3G standard based upon wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
...
3GPP2 is an industry standard set up to
develop a 3G standard based upon CDMA-2000
...
5G: Interim systems between 3G and 4G allowing a downlink data rate upto 14 Mbps
...


4G: Planned evolution of 3G technology that is expected to provide support for data rates up
to 100 Mbps allowing high quality and smooth video transmission
...
In revolutionary view, this intelligent technology is
capable of interconnecting the entire world without limits
...
Like IEEE 802
...
4GHz
spectrum, but it only supports data rates up to 1 Mbps
...
Communication between users are differentiated by

using a unique code for each user
...


CDMA-2000: Sometimes also known as IS-136 and IMT-CDMA multicarrier (1X/3X) is an
evolution of narrowband radio transmission technology known as CDMA-ONE (also called
CDMA or IS-95), to third generation
...
25 MHz channel while 3X
refers to 5 MHz channel
...
Since it
uses the TDMA infrastructure, a smooth transition from TDMA based systems such as GSM
to EDGE is expected
...


GSM: Global Systems for Mobile Communication is a world-wide standard for digital

wireless mobile phone systems
...
Currently ETSI is responsible for the development of GSM standard
...

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network
...
This results in a higher bandwidth
of the signal than the one without varied frequency
...


UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile
telephone standard in Europe that was proposed by ETSI
...


WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of
multimedia and other capacity demanding applications
...


WWWW: A world wide wireless web is capable of supporting a comprehensive wireless
based web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G
speeds
...
wikipedia
...
scribd
...
org

https://en
...
org/wiki/5G
https://en
...
org/wiki/4G
https://en
...
org/wiki/2G
https://en
...
org/wiki/1G
pediain
...
istockphoto

---