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Title: controlling and the system approach in organization system
Description: this note is more focusing on human resource subject and suitable for the student who taking the business and marketing course.

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Learning outcomes
This chapter should enable the student to:


Define the concept of the system approach and control
...




Identify the different types of control
...




Describe the steps in the control process
...


The Systems Approach
What is a System?


A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces
a unified whole
...


Systems Approach


Posits that the performance of the whole is greater that the sum of the
performance of its parts
...


General Systems Theory


An area of study based on the assumptions that everything is part of a larger,
interdependent arrangement
...




Identification of systems at various levels helps translate abstract systems theory
into more concrete terms
...




Open system



Something that depends on its surrounding environment for survival
...




Affect that environment through their output and consist of internal subsystems
that transform inputs to outputs
...


Types of Control


Pre-control
Human resources; technology; materials;



Concurrent control
Production and operation processes; retail



capital; information

Post control
Final goods and services

Sources of control


Individuals



Groups



The organization



Stakeholders

and services processes

The control process

Types of performance standards


Quantity standards



Cost standards



Time standards



Quality standards



Behavior standards

When to use a control measure


Consider the cost-benefit model
Other factors:



Innovation and adaptability



Economic factors



Behavioral factors

Financial controls
Financial controls are the techniques and procedures intended to prevent or correct the
misallocation of resources

Quality controls


Total quality management (TQM)



Quality circles



Six Sigma



Benchmarking



Continuous improvement



Reduced cycle time

The benefits of controlling


Revise and update plans



Standardize



Employee performance appraisal



Prevent problems and crises



Protect the organization

The elements of a balanced scorecard


Title: controlling and the system approach in organization system
Description: this note is more focusing on human resource subject and suitable for the student who taking the business and marketing course.