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Title: Gender Roles and Sexuality Development
Description: These notes were taken in my Psychology- Child Development class at the university. These notes detail the difference between gender and sex, gender role norms, gender differences, and psychological theories of gender and sexuality development.
Description: These notes were taken in my Psychology- Child Development class at the university. These notes detail the difference between gender and sex, gender role norms, gender differences, and psychological theories of gender and sexuality development.
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● Sex and Gender
○ Born w/ XX or XY chromosomes
○ Sex differences
■ can’t control it
○ Gender roles
■ roles that you take on according to gender
■ behave either as a “girl” or a “boy”
○ Gender role norms
■ societal expectations specific to either men or women
○ Gender typing
■ sexual orientation
○ Impact of gender on identity and selfesteem
■ how do you identify yourself?
● Gender Norms and Stereotyping
○ Female gender role of communality
■ empathy, emotional sensitivity
○ Male gender role of agency
■ dominance, independence, assertiveness
■ systemize, analyze, explore of how things work
○ Have gender roles changed?
● Gender Differences
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Verbal advantage of females is small
Males outperform females on tests of spatial ability
Do not differ in understanding of math concepts
Males outperform females on math word problems starting in adolescence
Males engage in more physical and verbal aggression
boys are more physically active than girls
boys are more developmentally vulnerable
girls are more compliant w/ requests
girls are more tactful and cooperative
females are more nurturing and empathetic
females are more anxious, nervous
Social Role Hypothesis:
■ difference that males and females play in society maintains gender roles
● The infant
○ differential treatment at birth
■ we baby girls more
○ Early learning
■ pair appropriate voices to gender
■ 18 mo identify w/ either sex
■ 2
...
Will he/she develop male/female
roles?
■ 48 year olds: nature side
■ 910 year olds: nurture side
○ Biosocial Theory
■ Biological development
● presence of y chromosome
● testosterone masculinizes the brain and nervous system
■ Social influences and labeling at birth
● kids talk about things like marriage at 45 y/o
■ Androgenized females
● females who show male characteristics (behaviorally)
● tomboys physically active, outspoken, aggressive, go into “male” professions, etc
...
role confusion
■ figure out sexual orientation
■ sexual behavior usually starts during teens
● Effects of abuse on sexuality
○ childhood sexual abuse
■ 27% of women have been sexually abused in childhood/never reported
■ 16% of men have been sexually abused in childhood/never reported
○ Psychological problems
■ anxiety, depression, acting out, low selfesteem, lack of trust
○ acting out in public, inappropriate behavior in adolescence
○ Posttraumatic stress disorder
■ more traumatic if it’s a close relative/friend
● Factors thought to determine sexuality
○ genetic influences
■ prenatal hormones
■ more likely in androgenized females due to large number of male hormones
■ concordance rates of homosexuality in male ID twins: 52%
● in fraternal: 22%
■ concordance rates of lesbianism in female ID twins: 48%
● in fraternal: 16%
○ Play preferences in childhood indicative of later sexual orientation as adults
■ more crossgender play in people that are homosexual
● Sexual morality
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double standards exist but have slightly declined
sex w/ affection is acceptable
confused about sexual norms
sexual activity
■ climbed in the 90’s then declined
■ 50% of ppl btw 15 and 19 have done it
■ earlier when moms were teen moms
■ females attribute intercourse and love together, males don’t
■ warmth and conversation in families are important
Title: Gender Roles and Sexuality Development
Description: These notes were taken in my Psychology- Child Development class at the university. These notes detail the difference between gender and sex, gender role norms, gender differences, and psychological theories of gender and sexuality development.
Description: These notes were taken in my Psychology- Child Development class at the university. These notes detail the difference between gender and sex, gender role norms, gender differences, and psychological theories of gender and sexuality development.