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Ch
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⁃ function of biological molecule is determined by its structure and its interaction
w/ the surrounding “environment” (usu
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in an organism)
⁃ structure of many biological molecules allows chemical reactions to go forward
by promoting those reactions, making them “easier” to proceed

⁃ Four Major Biological Macromolecules:
⁃ Nucleic Acids
⁃ Proteins***
⁃ Carbohydrates
⁃ Lipids

⁃ Monomer: an indiv
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deoxyribose)
⁃ b/c ribose has 2 hydroxyl groups close to each other they can interact w/
chemical structure of other molecules easier (more active catalytically)
⁃ Deoxyribose is more stable

Phosphate group: every nucleotide monomer has one bound to 5’ sugar
Nitrogenous base: varies in structure throughout nucleotides (4 types of
nucleotides in a nucleic acid)
⁃ pyrimidines: have a single ring structure (smaller structures)
⁃ includes cytosine (C), uracil (U)-in RNA, & thymine (T)- in DNA
⁃ purines have a double ring structure (larger structures)
⁃ includes guanine (G) & adenine (A)
⁃ these are called bases (nitrogenous bases)
⁃ Nucleotides polymerize (link up) to form nucleic acids
⁃ DNA contains biological info
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⁃ DNA can store & transmit biological info
⁃ it carries the info required for the organism’s growth & reproduction of a cells
⁃ the language of nucleic acids is contained in the sequence of the bases
⁃ Double helix: secondary structure of DNA
⁃ only purine-pyrimidine pairs fit inside the double helix
⁃ hydrogen bonds form b/t G-C pairs & A-T pairs (only these combo of base pairs
can be made)
⁃ important b/c DNA needs to be the same as it is replicated (every cell in
body is getting a completely faithful/similar copy as the cell before it)
⁃ these cells need the same sequences for the same needed proteins to
function



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