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Endocrine system- controls and regulates
body

processes

chemically

through

its

hormonal secretions
Internal equilibrium or Homeostasischemical regulatory mechanism in the body
Ductless or Endocrine glands- certain glands
in that body that release their secretions directly
into the bloodstream; not through a duct
...


ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE:

CARE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
A
...
Follicle stage- the pituitary gland secretes follicle

that are rich in vitamins, calcium and iodine to keep

stimulating hormones (FSH) ; allows follicles to grow ;

hormones at proper level ; such as cabbage, broccoli,

producing estrogen ; inducing mitosis which results

cauliflower
...
Get enough sleep- while the body is resting, the
endocrine system secretes hormones ; body tissues

B
...
Do regular exercise- engage is physical fitness ;

hormone (LH) ; changes the ripe of the follicle and

obesity and over eating may lead to abnormalities to

leads to the release of the egg
...

D
...
Corpus luteum stage- after releasing of the egg ;

overproduction of hormones and lead to endocrine

old follicle becomes corpus luteum and produces

disorders
...


E
...
Menstrual flow stage- high progesterone level in
blood decreases ; secretion of LH
...
This phenomenon
in known as menstruation
...

Hyperthyroidism- when the thyroid gland produces
too much thyroxin ; results in hig metabolic rate
...

Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis- is a ductless gland
located below the brain ; has 3 lobes: anterior,
middle, and posterior
...


Stimulus- known to be as when we react to any
change within the surrounding environment
Brain- consists of gelatin like tissues ; has 2 distinct
MAN’S NERVOUS SYSTEM:

colored regions: gray matter and white matter

( 2 MAIN DIVISIONS )
A
...
Peripheral nervous system- consists of the
nerves which arise from the brain (cranial nerves)

*cranial and spinals nerves of the peripheral

White matter- it is dominated by the mylenated
axons ; its whiteness is due to the protective myelin

system end at the muscles and organs of the body*

sheath

Nervous system- consists of the two types of cells:

PARTS OF THE BRAIN:

the nerve cell or neurons and the supporting cells
...
FOREBRAIN
A
...
Thalamus

functions for transmitting messages from one body

C
...
MIDBRAIN

projections called nerve fibers

III
...
Pons

Supporting cells- responsible for protecting and

B
...
Cerebellem

Nerve fibers- 2 types ; dendrites- highly branched,
more numerous shorter and thinner fibers
...
Carries away the
messsages away from the cell body
*neurons are classified according to the direction of

the message or impulses they carry*
A
...
Motor neurons- carry impulses from the brain
and spinal cord to the muscles
C
...


Gray matter ; seat of thinking, reasoning and power
of imagination, sensory-motor coordination, origin

Synapse- microscopic space in between two

of all cerebral functions

neurons that are not directly connected
...


Brain is divided into different centers for sensing
and responding to the stimuli ;

Alzheimer’s disease- age related disease is the
degeneration of healthy brain tissue ; symptoms are
memory loss, disorientation, and loss of judgment ;
no cure
...

Epilepsy- neurological disorder ; causes seizures due
to faulty electrical impulses to the brain ; symptoms
are uncontrollable jerking movements, temporary
confusion, and blank staring spells
...


unsteady gait and shaky movements of the limbs
...
Proper nutrition- eat a balanced diet that is low

responsible for the hereditary information from

in fat and high in fiber, rich in complex

parents to offspring
...
Adequate sleep and rest- overcome fatigue and

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid

build up energy ; adults should have at least 8 hours

RNA- Ribonucleic acid

of sleep while children should have 8-10 hours of
sleep

4 nitrogen bases- Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and

C
...


Crick- were the first scientists who describe the DNA

D
...


three major players and three processes ; replication,

E
...


the nervous system is very sensitive to toxic
substances like illegal drugs, alcohol and nicotine
...
Undergo immunization- some diseases of the

(mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA

nervous system are caused by viral and bacterial

(rRNA)

infections ; these infections can be prevented by
immunization
...


around from our genetic history ; provides molecular
basis of heredity

Androgens- they are produced by the testes upon
stimulation by the pituitary gland ; promotes sperm

Mutation- is a stable, herritable change in the

function

genetic material ; changes in the structure of DNA
are known the be as mutation

*humans have 46 chromosomes
*there are around 35,000 genes in a human cell

*Mutations can also be affected by environmental

Variation- defined as ‘the deviation of structural

factors called mutagens ; these can be in the form of

functional, o developmental characteristics of an

radiation, chemicals ad microbial infections

organism” ; provides raw materials for evolution

Gene mapping- involves finding the the exact

Evolution- defines as the change in a species over

location of a gene in the 46 chromosomes of the

time

human cell
A
...
Struggle for existence- resources are in limited
supply, there is a struggle for existence

Gene

identification-

determining

which

DNA

C
...
Survival of the fittest- some organisms have the
ability to adapt to their environment allowing them

DNA sequencing- to study the nitrogen base

to survive the struggle for existence

sequence

in

E
...


Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) -

are

also known to be as transgenics are produces

Genetic stage- gene mutations produce new traits ;

through recombinant DNA technology

these traits become established in the population

Newborn

screening-

one

of

the

important

application of DNA technology in the Philippines is

Directional selection- where one phenotype that
gives adaptive advantage is favored over another

in postnatal birth ; simple test done on many infants
within 48 hours after delivery to find out if they hae

Genetic drift- if the organism were to mate or not,

cogenital metabolic disorder

the trait may or may not be established in the
population

Gene therapy-

detectable genetic disorders may

be corrected through a procedure ; involves,

Adaptation- defined as which fits an organism to its

extraction of a few cells, addition of functional genes,

environment or way of life ; as the changes in

reintroduction of the corrected cells

characteristics on individuals in a population that
allow them to cope with long term environmental

Immunization- the non pathogenic virus can be

changes

used as vaccine for immunization against herpes and
hepatitis

Paleontology- to study the remains of organisms
that lived in the past

Biological species- consisting of all populations of
organisms

that

are

potentially

capable

of

interbreeding and usually are reproductively isolated
from members of the other species

Fossils- remains or traces of ancient organisms that
lived in the past, generally 10,00 years ago

Remains- include body parts or entire bodies that

*Nature exists in balance

have been preserved
Ecological balance- a state of dynamic equilibrium
Geological time scale- a tabular presentation of the

within a community of organisms in which genetic

history of life based on geologists study of rocks and

species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively

the fossil fuels the contained

stable

Speciation- the process that explains how new

Ecological processes- maintain the stable balance

species evolved from a previously existing one ;

in Earth’s ecosystem such as the fairly constant

involves isolation, divergence, and the consequent

concentration of gas in our atmosphere or the

loss of the ability to interbreed

salinity of water

Biodiversity- defined as the variety of life, may be

Food chain- series of organisms through which the

expressed

food nutrients travel from the producers tot he

at

organizations

different
namely

;

levels

of

genetic,

biological

species,

and

different consumers and up the decomposers

ecosystem diversity
Food level/ topic level- known to be as each level in
Organism-

the

lowest

level

of

biological

the food chain

organization that we study in ecology
Energy pyramid- flow of energy through a tropic
Amoeba- a unicellular organism ; different parts
perform different functions so ensure survival and
reproduction of the organism
Population- defined as a group of interbreeding
individuals living in a particular place and at a given
time
Biotic community- where all population of different
species, plants, and animals interact and live
together
Biosphere- known to be as a very think envelope
surrounding the earth ; at the bottom of the
atmosphere

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