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d{kk 10 ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa lh[kus dh dfBukb;ksa
(Learning difficulties) dks nwj djus gsrq
Revision Notes
vaxszth
jkT; f'k{kk&'kks/k ,oa izf'k{k
...
C
...
The fast pace hurts the normal rhythm
...
The person who doesn’t maintain the pace feels disabled
...
So out of despair, he says: ‘there’s an aeroplane that goes at 1000 miles an
hour!’
The corn merchant is an anxious man
...
His nephew was cheating him
...
She was wasting away his hard earned
money
...
Advantages of fast-paced life
•
Travelling has become fast:
We can dine in London and have lunch in New York the next day
...
The chances of accidents have increased
...
Slow thinkers as misfit in the modern age
• Slow thinkers are those who cannot think of a clever come back (are cursed with
'l' esprit de l' escaliert')
...
• They cannot keep up with today’s fast pace of life
...
• These are tests for the speed of one’s mind
...
o He could not follow the fast-paced scenes in the film
...
English |2
He asked his wife whether the girl in the scene was the same that
appeared at the beginning
...
Write a few sentences about the elderly corn-merchant
...
‘They tell me there’s an aeroplane now that goes at 1000 miles an hour
...
’ What light does the remark of the corn-merchant throw on the
fast life today?
3
...
Who are taken to be slow thinkers? How are the slow thinkers, handicapped
today?
5
...
Summarise the central idea of this essay
...
Our attitude to ecology
•
•
•
•
Most of us are not willing to do anything about ecology
...
o We use vehicles which emit poisonous gases
...
o We throw waste here and there and pollute the environment
...
If each of us do our bit, there will be a balance in ecology
...
Jim’s mother uses the electric mixer instead of the eggbeater
...
C
...
o These poison the atmosphere and affect ecology
...
He finds that people around him are not taking care of ecology
...
He keeps reminding his neighbours to be careful and save ecology from
destruction
...
Greene to separate non- recyclable waste from recyclable waste
...
They charge him of being careless to
ecology
...
English |4
•
•
However, he himself does not practice ecology measure sincerely:
o He himself throws gum wrapper in Mrs
...
o He avoids walking and always uses motorbike and snowmobile
...
So people do not take him seriously
...
Greene scolds Jim for throwing gum wrapper in her lawn
...
Johnson points out to a tree and says that Jim has killed that tree by jumping
over it everyday
...
But the question he raises is
serious
...
In the process, his own irresponsible acts are also exposed
...
2
...
4
...
Does Jim understand why his advice is being questioned? Explain
...
Greene to do something about ecology?
English |5
Chapter – 3
Gillu
Mahadevi Verma
Discovery of an injured squirrel
•
•
The narrator found an injured baby squirrel in her verandah
...
Narrator’s care and sympathy for the injured squirrel
•
•
•
•
•
•
The narrator brought the injured squirrel to her room
...
She tried to feed it milk
...
Somehow she was able to put a drop of milk in its mouth
...
Naming of the Squirrel
•
•
The narrator names the baby squirrel ‘Gillu’
...
Gillu’s habit
•
•
•
•
•
Whenever Gillu was hungry, he would produce the sound ‘chik-chik’
...
When he did not get kaju for several days, he would refuse other food items and
throw them down the swing
...
He refused to eat anything during her absence
...
No other pet would eat from her plate like Gillu
...
He refused to eat anything during her absence
...
Consideration for Gillu’s freedom
•
•
•
The narrator often noticed Gillu sitting by the window and peering at the world
outside
...
She made a small opening in a corner of the wiremesh
...
Gillu’s life coming to an end
•
•
•
•
Squirrels have a life span of barely two years
...
The narrator realised that Gillu’s life was coming to an end:
o His claws were getting old
...
Gillu died the next morning
...
The opening made for him was closed
...
Questions
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this poem try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
3
...
5
...
What did the narrator do with the wounded squirrel?
How did the narrator make the tiny baby squirrel hale and hearty?
How did Gillu sustain wounds?
How would Gillu inform that he was hungry?
What was Gillu’s favourite food?
What is the life span of squirrel?
English |7
Chapter – 4
What is wrong with Indian Films?
Satyajit Ray
(Well known film director of India; Born on May 2, 1921)
This essay has been taken from his book Our Films, Their Films
Cinema as an art form
•
•
•
Cinema is most potent and versatile art form
...
Film production in India
•
•
•
•
•
•
First short film was produced in 1907
...
Film production in India is quantitatively second only to Hollywood
...
Indian cinema is by and large imitative and adaptative
...
Should we imitate Hollywood?
•
•
•
•
•
We should not imitate Hollywood because our life and society do not resemble
theirs
...
The raw material of the cinema should be life itself
...
The hope for the Indian cinema reside in a drastic simplification of style and
content
...
They no longer suffer from certain basic weaknesses pointed out till a few years
back:
Production without adequate planning
At times production without a shooting script
Fondness for complex plots and counterplots
Sandwiching songs in the most unlyrical situations,
English |8
Questions
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this chapter, try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
Films are the mirrors of the society
...
Do you think Indian films have certain basic weaknesses?
English |9
Chapter – 5
Acceptance Speech
Aung San Suu Kyi (19 June 1945)
About the Author
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19th June 1945 in Rangoon
...
She was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1991
...
His mother was incarcerated in Burma
...
He tried his best to convey his mother’s sentiments
...
o It is a recognition of their struggle and sacrifices
...
o The Burmese people feel honoured that thier suffering has been
recognised in the far distant land
...
Dimension of the struggle
o The struggle in Rangoon is part of the much larger struggle worldwide
...
o This award is significant for the choice of the recipient
o It makes strong case for the early release of Aung from detention
...
Motivation
o Peace, freedom and democracy are essential for human beings
...
o We should realise that the beauty of genuine brotherhood and peace is
more valuable than diamonds or silver or gold
...
Why had Alexander accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of his mother?
2
...
Do you agree?
Give your own opinion
...
The beauty of genuine brotherhood and peace is more precious than diamond ,
silver or gold? Why does Aris claim so? Do you agree with him?
English |11
Chapter – 6
Once Upon a Time
Tony Morrison
About the Author
Tony Morrison was the eighth woman and the first black woman to receive the Nobel
Prize (1993) in literature
...
It also makes the point that language should be living and vibrant
...
She was widely respected for her wisdom
...
Her words were law among her people
...
She was famous in the city where people usually laugh at the intelligence of village
people
...
One of them asked if the bird he was holding in his hands was dead or alive
...
So, after a long silence she answered that whether dead or alive, it was in their
hands
...
The bird represents language and the blind woman stands for a writer with
experience
...
Different interpretations of the story
•
•
•
•
The children may not have a proper language in which to understand or explain
things
...
They felt that the old woman was lucky to be blind:
She could understand things without looking at them
...
The young people were scared of things which did not have a name
...
May be, the children wanted to understand the life of woman so that they could
understand the life of a man
...
May be, the children wanted to know what life would be there after this
...
Hence, they have truly ‘caught’ the bird (language) which is lovely (living and
vibrant)
...
Enumerate the traits of the old woman
...
Have you recently heard a story which is interesting? Write that story in 100
words
...
The art of storytelling is dying down
...
Stories have been a great source of information since time immemorial
...
Do you think that language is crucial to a writer? Give any three reasons
...
What do you think about the terms
English |13
Chapter – 7
The Unity of Indian Culture
Humayun Kabir
About the author and the lesson
•
•
•
Humayun Kabir was a famous poet, novelist, essayist and renowned political
thinker
...
The lecture focuses on the glorious past of India’s culture and its rich heritage
...
Culture and civilization
•
•
•
•
•
Culture is a complex of many strands of varying importance and vitality
...
Not one of them is separately culture, but collectively they constitute culture
...
It creates the condition for culture
...
What is Indian culture?
•
•
•
•
The Indian culture is marked by an underlying unity of spirit surviving through the
ages
...
Unity in diversity is the main trait of Indian culture
...
Unity of spirit in Indian culture
•
•
Unlike other cultures, Indian culture has retained an underlying unity despite
growth or change
...
Capacity of adjustment and toleration
•
•
•
•
Indian society has grown and changed but never grown or changed at the expense
of an underlying unity
...
The capacity of adjustment is found in the spirit of toleration
...
English |14
•
•
•
Contrary, if not contradictory, attitudes have been allowed to survive together
...
These various streams became the strength of Indian society
...
•
•
•
There has been no violent or sudden breaks in the Indian culture
...
Every class and section of the society has accepted this growth and extension of
culture
...
How is the Indian culture different from the cultures of other countries?
2
...
How does Humayun Kabir define civilization?
English |15
Chapter – 8
Little Girls Wiser Than Men
Leo Tolstoy
Meeting of the two girls
•
•
•
•
•
•
This story of Leo Tolstoy is set during Easter, a festival of the Christians
...
Two little girls Akoulaya and Malasha had just come from the church
...
They were very happy and showing off their new frocks to each other
...
Splashing water
•
•
•
Malasha and Akoulya had a sudden desire to splash about in the water
...
They stepped into the puddle and began walking towards each other
...
Malasha had splashed the dirty water on Akoulya’s frock, eyes and nose
...
She ran after Malasha to beat her
...
Akoulya blamed Malasha for it
...
Malasha began to howl
...
The two mothers began quarrelling
...
They came out shouting
...
Akoulya’s old grandmother tried to make peace but they would not listen to the
old woman
...
She started making a channel through which the water could run out into the
street
...
As they saw the chip float along on their stream, they were highly delighted
...
Little girls teaching the ‘big people’
•
•
•
•
•
•
Akouylya’s grandmother drew the attention of the fighting men to the little girls
...
They were ashamed
...
The two innocent children – the dear little souls – thus teach the ‘big people’ that
it is not wise to keep on quarrelling on petty issues
...
Why did Akoulya shout at Malasha?
2
...
What lesson do you learn from the story “Little Girls Wiser than Men”?
English |17
Poetry
Chapter – 1
God Made the Country
About the Poet
William Cowper’s (1731-1800) poems show deep respect for the rural life, the common
people and the lovely, quiet landscape
...
He compares the rural life and the urban life
...
Features of Urban (Town) life in the poem
•
People are not close to nature
Thrush and nightingale become silent
Lamps do not allow people to enjoy moonlight
•
•
Atmosphere is very noisy
They live artificial and luxurious life:
They see only artificial paintings
English |18
•
•
•
They depend on vehicles and artificial light (lamp/ electricity)
People are not laborious
They lack good mind and good heart
Worry and anxiety (harmful thoughts) fill in their mind
...
The closeness of village life to nature suggests that God created the countryside
...
Questions
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this poem, try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
3
...
Why does the poet believe that God made the country?
Why does the poet believe that man made the town?
Where does the narrator of the poem live?
Which two types of life have been compared in the poem?
English |19
Chapter – 2
Ode on Solitude
Alexander Pope
About the poet
Alexander Pope (1688-1744) is a great poet of the eighteenth century
...
It draws a beautiful picture of a
happy man
...
A man living in seclusion enjoys health of body and peace of mind
...
Presentation/ style
The poem is a graphic presentation of a happy and contended person
...
Detail of a happy person in the poem
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
His wants are satisfied with his paternal property
He gets food from his own farm
...
He gets wool from his own flock of sheep
...
His body is healthy and mind is peaceful
...
Conclusion
The poet wishes to live and die in solitude
...
He thinks that a quiet life in solitude is a happy life
...
Why does the poet want to live and die stealthily (secretly)?
2
...
Do you agree? Give reasons
...
He writes poems in Oriya and English
...
Negative human feelings like ‘hurt’, if uncared for, harm the hurt person and the
people around him
...
It correlates human emotion like ‘hurt’ and a mundane thing like
a polythene bag
...
Correlation between polythene bag and human feelings
•
•
•
•
Non-dissolving:
o Hurt and polythene bag are never dissolved
...
o A polythene bag is as stinking as a hurt person
o A burning polythene bag gives off a sharp, strong smell
...
o If a polythene bag is left alone, it pollutes the environment
...
Warmth as a remedy
o A little heat can melt a polythene bag
...
Uncared state harmful
o When a polythene bag is thrown into a dustbin, it is attacked by germs
and so pollutes the environment
...
o That person proves harmful to the surroundings
...
Polythene bags are a major source of pollution
...
Man can have proper environment only when the surroundings and the feelings both are
properly taken care of
...
2
...
4
...
How does a polythene bag pollute our environment?
“The polythene bag remains within
...
Have you ever been hurt? Write your feelings in your own words
...
He is known as ‘Maithil Kokil’ (Cuckoo of Mithila)
...
Main idea
•
Radha loves Lord Krishna very deeply:
o The pang of separation from Lord Krishna is unbearable for Radha
...
Presentation/ style
•
•
•
The poem is metaphoric:
o The image of crescent (Amavashya se thik pahale ka chand) has been used
to suggest Radha’s declining heath
...
The language is simple
...
She weeps so much that her tears ‘carve’ a river
...
Radha’s friends are worried for her condition:
o She has grown thinner than the thinnest moon (Amavashya se thik pahale
ka chand)
...
Radha’s
condition is fast declining
...
Question
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this poem, try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
Describe Radha’s condition, as reported by her friend
...
Why is Radha’s friend so worried?
English |23
Chapter – 5
The Empty Heart
Periasamy Thooran (1908 -87)
About the poet
•
Periasamy Thooran (1908 -87) is a Tamil writer
...
Presentation/ Style
•
The poet uses narrative technique:
o Narrates the story of a greedy man
The story of a greedy man
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
There was a rich but greedy man
...
There was a tree named ‘Kalpaka’ having power to grant wishes
...
The tree granted him seven silver pots full of gold with one extra pot half full of
gold coins because the tree knew that the man was greedy
...
He did not eat, drink and sleep properly
...
He died before he could fill the half-filled pot
...
There is no end of greed, though there is
an end of life
...
Question
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this poem try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
Is the title justified?
2
...
Contentment is the style of life
...
English |24
Chapter – 6
Koel
Puran Singh
About the poem
•
...
• It presents the contrast between the Koel’s appearance and its sweetness
Main Idea(s)
• Love is fire that burns
...
• The dissolution of ego makes the person love sweet
...
Presentation/ style
•
•
The poem has presented the poem in question- answer mode
...
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The poem is divided into two parts
...
In the second part, the Koel answers the questions
...
He wonders as how the koel is so fresh even if she is burnt
...
Koel’s songs express the pangs of separation from her beloved
...
The lovelier the thing, the more it hurts
...
Conclusion:
•
...
Questions:
1
...
What does the Koel's song express?
English |25
Chapter – 7
The Sleeping Porter
Laxmi Prasad Devkota
About the poet
Laxmi Prasad Devkota (1909 – 1959) was a renowned Nepali poet and storywriter
of his time
...
• The poet sketches porter’s poor condition as well as his strong will power
...
The readers can see before them the
porter’s strength, his toils and his pitable condition
...
It is winter and the roads are covered with snow
...
He does not get enough to eat
...
Just as a king has power over his kingdom, the porter has power over his
sleep
...
Conclusion
•
The poet admires the hard work of the porter because he fights against and
overcomes the problems caused by nature
...
He shows us the values of
determination, contentment and hard work
...
Do you think that the porter deserves to be called ‘the hero of the mountain’?
2
...
Determination, hard work and continuity win the race
...
He was quite different from the poets of his age
...
Main idea(s)
•
•
The poet remembers about the magical effects that storytelling of Martha had
on him in his childhood
He remembers how peaceful their hearts would become while listening to her
stories
...
It also presents a vivid picture of Martha as a storyteller and the effect she had
over her audience
...
She had clear grey eyes and slim hands
...
The meaning of the words of the story were made clear by the sound of her voice
...
Her stories were about gnomes (tiny men who guard treasure in stories) and
fairies
...
The listener did not know where they were
...
Conclusion
•
In the poem, the poet remembers his childhood when he used to listen to stories
by Martha
...
Martha’s beauty, her sweet manners and
her storytelling had soothing and magical effect on him
...
What is the nature of the poem?
2
...
3
...
S + V5 + O
Simple
Present or
Present
Indefinite
A cat likes milk
...
S + V1 + O
eq>s laxhr ilan gSA
You write a letter
...
Present
Progressive
or
Present
Imperfect or
Present
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Present
Perfect
Continuous
or Present
Perfect
Imperfect
jke vke [kkrk gSA
I have read this
book
...
• ;fn subject (dÙkkZ) 3rd Person
singular number ds gks rks muds
lkFk V5 dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
rqe i= fy[krs gksA
os i<+ jgs gSA
S+is/ am/are+V4+O
Sita is singing a
song
...
Person or 3rd Person ds plural
number ds gksa rks muds lkFk V1 dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
lhrk xhr xk jgh gSSA
eSa ;g fdrkc i<+ pqdk
gw¡ A
mlus ;g dke fd;k
gSA
eSa nks o"kkZs ls bl
Ldwy esa i<+ jgk gw¡A
• ;fn sub I jgs rks Auxiliary verb ds
:i esa 'am' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
• ;fn sub
...
He, She, it or singular noun
gks rks 'is' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
• I, we, you, they rFkk plural noun ds
lkFk have dk iz;ksx
• He/ She/ it/ singular noun ds lkFk has
dk iz;ksx lHkh sentences esa V3
• Period of time ds igys for dk use
• Point of time ds igys since dk use
...
M
...
vkius esjh tku cpkbZA
S+ V2 + 0
I completed the work
...
S+ was/ were + V4 +O
eSaus dke lekIr dj
fy;kA
og fØdsV [ksy jgk
Fkk A
They were teaching
us
...
S + had+ V3+ O
eSaus bls fd;k FkkA
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
They had won the
match
...
S
+ had + been + V4+ O
+ for/ since+time
Naghma had been
waiting since January
last
...
S+ will/ shall+ V1+ O
og rqEgkjh enn
djsxhA
We shall dance
today
...
Simple
Future
or
Future
Indefinite
geyksx miU;kl i<+rs
jgsaxA
s
S+ shall/will+be +V4+ O
She will be singing a
song
...
•
•
S + shall/will + have+ V3
+O
bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa shall/will ds
ckn have rFkk V3 dk iz;ksxA
cPph lks pqdh gksxhA
The baby will have
slept
...
MkDVj us gesa /kqeziku ls euk fd;kA
The Doctor prohibited us from smoking
...
;g cgqr vkokt mRiUu djrk gSA
It makes a lot of noise
...
;g dfork fdlus fy[khA
Who wrote this poem?
rqels ;g fdlus dgk\
Who told you this?
eSa rqEgsa lwpuk nsus vk;k gw¡A
I have come to inform you
...
os lqcg esa Vgyrs gSA
They walk in the morning
...
esjh nknh dgkfu;k¡ lquk;saxhA
My grand mother will tell stories
...
They have completed the work
Passive Voice
A letter was written by Mohan
...
The work has been completed by them
...
Sub+is/am/are+V4+O
A book is being read by
Sheela
...
S+has/have+V3+O
Past Indefinite
He wrote a letter
...
S+was/were+V4+O
Past Perfect
They had won the
match
...
S+shall/will+V1+O
She will have finished
the letter
...
S+modal+V1+O
She is to write a letter
...
Object+has/have+been+V3
+by+Sub
A letter was written by
him
O+was/were+v3+by+Sub
A song was being sung by
her
...
O+had been+V3+by+S
A letter will be written by
Ramesh
...
O+shall/will+have
been+V3+by+S
This work can be done by
me
...
O+Aux verb+to
be+V3+by+S
Points to remember
blesa has/ have ds
ckn been+v3 dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
blesa was/were ds
ckn V3 dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
blesa was/were ds
ckn being+V3 dk
iz;ksx gskrk gSA
had been ds ckn V3
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Shall/will ds ckn be
rFkk V3 dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
Shall/will ds ckn
have been rFkk V3
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Modal ds ckn be
rFkk V3 dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
Infinitive okys okD;ks
esa Passive voice esa
lkjs fu;e igys tSls
gksrs gS dsoy aux
...
verb+S+V+Obj
Is cricket played by him?
Aux
...
V1+object
Why is his house being
sold by him?
Wh-word+AV+O+V3+by+S
By whom was this poem
composed?
By whom+AV+O+V3
Let this letter be posted
...
V+Obj
The poor should be helped
O+should be+V3
Please come here
...
Active voice
Passive voice
Points to remember
Aux
...
verb
ls 'kq: gksrk gSA
Passive esa Hkh okD;
wh-word vkSj AV ls
'kq: gksrk gS A ckdh
fu;e igys tSls
jgsaxsA
By whom ds ckn AV
tense ds vuqlkj
cny tkrs gS A
You are requested to+V1+O
English |37
Removal of 'Too'
Too dk vFkZ gksrk gS & vko';drk ls vf/kd] (more than required) A okD;ks esa 'Too' dk iz;ksx
negative xq
...
/aadv
...
S+V+Adj
...
(in comparative
degree+ than it is/ was proper)
Type- 1
He is too weak to run
...
/Adv
...
He is so weak that he cannot run
...
/Adv+ that+pronoun+
cannot /could not/V1
The rod is too hard to
break
...
The box is too heavy
to lift
...
Type- 2
The water is too hot
...
The water is hotter than it should
be
...
+ Adv
...
• She is more strict than she should
be
...
k&nks"k dks lkekU; :i
ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
Ram is as good as Shyam
...
/Adv
...
A
Positive
tall
big
Comparative
taller
bigger
Superlative
tallest
biggest
B
beautiful
more/less
beautiful
more/less
useful
better
worse
more
more
less
older/elder
most/least
beautiful
most/least
useful
best
worst
most
most
least
oldest/ eldest
useful
C
uksV
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Superlative Degree
nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa@
oLrqvks ds chp comparision
bl izdkj dh tk; fd muesa
ls fdlh ,d ds xq
...
/Adv
...
Points to remember
lkekU;r% fdlh adj/ adv
...
/dv
...
rFkk negative sentence esa
so……
...
as ds chp gksrs gSaA
Comparative degree ds adj/adv ds ckn than dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A ysfdu dqN adjective
ges'kk comparative degree esa gh gksrs gS vkSj muds ckn 'to' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A tSls % He
is junior to me
...
Jha
...
Jha is more intelligent than
any other man/ all other men
...
Tulsi is greater than most other
Poets
...
Jha is the most intelligent
man
...
English |39
Narration
Direct Speech
Ram said to me, " I am busy
...
Change of Person
Points to Remember
Reported speech esa iz;qDr pronoun fuEu izdkj ls cnyrs
gSa%
Rahul said to me, "I go to school
...
Dina said to me, "He laughs at me"
...
Seema said to me, "They have played cricket
...
Reporting verb ds subject
ds person ds vuqlkj
2nd Person
(You, your, yours)
Meena said to me, "You are going to market
...
1st Person
(I, me, my, mine,
we, us, our, ours)
Reporting verb ds object
ds person ds vuqlkj
3rd Person
(He, him, his, she,
her, they, them, their,
theirs, names)
No change
Raman said to me, "I saw a tiger
...
CHANGE OF TENSE
He says to me, "I am cooking food
...
Rahim will say to me, "I have seen the
Golghar
...
Mukul said to me, "You don't help me
...
My teacher said to me, "You are doing well
...
She said to me, "He has not seen the Taj Mahal
...
Sarla said to me, "I have been working hard for
two hours
...
;fn Reporting verb Present ;k Future Tense esa jgs
rks Reported speech ds tense esa dksbZ cnyko ugha djrs
gSA
;fn Reporting verb past Tense esa jgs rks Reported
speech dk tense fuEu izdkj ls cnyrk gS %
i
...
iii
...
v
...
vii
...
Past Indefinite Past perfect
Past Continuous Past perfect continuous
Past Perfect No change
viii
...
"
Mathur told me that he could do that work for
me
...
"
Vinayak told Amar that he would play the
following day
...
"
The teacher told his student that work is worship
...
"
My mother told me that the sun rises in ths east
...
"
Amar told that parents love their children
...
"
Mira said to me, "I am
going to school
...
Mira told me that she
was going to school
...
Said to = asked
wh'
words
said to =
asked/
requested/
orderd/advised
Optative
Said to =
wished/
prayed/
blessed
/cursed
Exclamatory
Said to =
exclaimed with
joy /sorrow
surprise
/regret
to/
not to
that
that
Meera said to me,
"Where are you
going?"
Mira said to me,
"Give me your pen
please
...
"
Mira said to me,
"May
you
get
success!"
He said to her,"May
you die soon!"
Mira said, "What a
fool I am?"
Ram said," What an
idea?"
Mira asked me where I
was going
...
My father advised me
not to waste my time
...
He cursed her that she
might die soon
...
Ram exclaimed with joy
that
it
was
an
extraordinary idea
...
Types of Preposition
Prepositions of Direction
Prepositions of place or
position
Prepositions of time
to, towards, for, from, at, on,
into, up, down, along, across,
against
at, in, on, between, among,
below, over, under, behind,
before, beside, by
at, in, for, since, from,
before, after, within, by,
between, till, until, during,
for
Position of Preposition
I write with a pencil
...
Why are you angry with me
...
Which house do you live in?
Where is she coming from?
lkekU;r% preposition dk iz;ksx Noun ;k
Pornoun ds igys gksrk gS A
;fn that, whom, which, where vkfn dk iz;ksx
relative ;k interrogative pronoun ds lkFk gks
rks preposition dk iz;ksx var esa gksrk gSA
Some important prepositions
Amazed at - I was amazed at her ability
...
Prevent from - He prevented me from going
there
...
Knock at - She knocked at her door
...
Listen to - They listen to music
...
Confident of- He is confident of his success
...
Fail in - He failed in his first attempt
...
Glance at - Have a glance at the scenery
...
Satisfied with - I am satisfied with your
performance
...
Known to- It is known to everyone
...
Astonished at- I was astonished at his arrival
...
Proud of- His parents are proud of his
success
...
Aware of - He is aware of the situation
...
English |42
Deal in- O;kikj djuk& He deals in
hardware
...
Deal with- O;ogkj djuk& I know how
to deal with elders
...
Die of- chekjh ds dkj
...
Agree with- fdlh O;fDr ls lger gksuk& I agree with
you
...
kks ls ejuk& He
died from accident
...
Arrive at- fdlh LFkku ;k fu"d"kZ ij
igq¡puk& The P
...
arrived at Patna
...
Arrive in- fdlh ns'k esa igq¡puk& My
brother arrived in Japan
...
Look for-
...
English |43
Letter writing
Letter
Formal
Application
Informal
Business letter
Official letter
Personal letter
Sender's Address
Date : --------------
To
Recipent's Designation
Address
Sub:
...
...
Leave taking
The body
...
...
Recipient's
Address
Sender's signature
Application
To
The Headmaster,
H
...
Nalanda
Sub:- Leave for five days
...
She is confined to bed
...
So, I request you to grant me leave for five
days from 20th to 25th Dec
...
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully
Date- 19 Dec
...
2015
My Dear Mother,
I am very happy to receive your letter
...
I
agree with you and honour your feeling
...
For
this I seek your blessings
...
Stamp
To,
ABC
Vill+P
...
- M
Dist - N
Your's brave son,
(XYZ)
English |44
Paragraph writing
Paragraph writing is an art
...
Points to keep in mind while writing a paragraph
...
(b) Order: There should be sequence of thoughts and incidences
...
Finally a simple concluding sentence that can tie
everything together and reinforce the main idea is needed
...
Similarly, to explain an idea of contradiction,
word and phrases like — on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, but, yet,
still are used
...
However a
balanced paragraph may be expanded between 50 to 70 words
...
All wealth without health is useless
...
He likes nothing
...
On the other hand, a healthy man remains in distress and tension-free even if he
is poor
...
So health is wealth
...
It is used by individuals and organisations to announce events
and celebrations, deaths, occasions like inauguration and sales, to issue public
instructions, to make appeals and to extend invitations etc
...
The name of the organisation or issuing authority is written on the top
...
A precise title should be given to indicate what the notice is about
...
In case of lost or found an article, the notice must include details what lost/ found
when, where identification mark (colour, size, content, material) how and whom
to return, contact number……………
...
NOTICE
Holidays
The school will remain closed for 10 days from ……to……
...
,
on the occasion of Durga Puja
...
I lost my folder bag on __________
...
My
name and address is written in the specified space
...
It contains my certificates and testimonials
...
My mobile number is ………………
...
Address:
...
•
He changed his pen name to “Premchand” after his “Soje vatan” banned by British
government
...
•
He also emphasized on the unity of Hindus and Muslims
...
Story:
•
January Night is a translation of a Premchand’s famous story “Poos ki Raat”
...
Halku:
•
Man is sometimes helpless before fate
...
•
He is a poor tenant farmer
...
•
Halku pays his rent with the money saved for his blanket even though his wife
Munni opposes him
...
He knows that there is no chance that the rent could be withheld from the
landlord
...
Whatever he
earns, he puts back into it and gets insulted in bargain
...
She is angry with Halku as to
how he would bear the cold January nights in the field
...
She wonders how many debts are always left
over that they cannot pay off
...
She protests as to how the landlord
could insult Halku
...
•
Jabra being a loving and faithful companion, follows his master
...
•
Halku gathers dry mango leaves from the mango grove nearby and sets them on
fire from the lighted cowdung cake he had brought
...
Even in the lap of Halku, Jabra is alert to his duty
...
•
Halku also realizes that the animals are destroying his field but as his body is
sufficiently warmed up, he becomes lazy
...
•
He is destined to his fate
...
Freedom from the bond:
•
The hostile nature with its icy cold wind proves to be the devil for Halku
...
• He is content at the end because he would not have to sleep in the cold anymore
...
The life of a farmer is very miserable
...
He is destined to
live on his fate
...
Give the summary of the story January Night
...
Animals also have the ability to understand human feelings
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Suppose you are Munni
...
What will you do them?
7
...
Rana S
...
Singh
About the Author:
• Dr
...
P
...
What do you mean by allergy?
•
Allergy is a malfunction of the human immune system
...
This
reaction creates an inflammation which, in turn, can lead to a variety of
symptoms such as hay fever, eczema, asthma and other conditions popularly
referred to as allergies
...
•
Eczema is an itching sensation of pain
• Asthma is difficulty in breathing
Causes of allergy:
•
Genetic risk factor: If the parents have a certain allergy the children may inherit
the same
...
•
People who smoke face the risk of allergy
•
People living in polluted area face allergic reactions e
...
air pollution causes
asthma
...
Allergy March:
•
In some cases allergy starts as simple problems such as eczema or gastrointestinal problems
...
This condition frequently
involves respiratory symptoms such as hyper activity and obstruction of the
airways
...
Allergens:
•
Any substance capable of producing allergy is an allergen
...
(Sneezing)
•
Perennial: Perennial allergic rhinitis is causes by indoor allergens such as house
dust mites, animal dandruff, cockroaches and indoor mold spores
...
•
Remain indoors in the morning or on windy days
...
•
Cotton materials should be used instead of feather: Pillows and woolen
blanket
...
•
Bedsheets, mattresses and blankets should be washed in hot water weekly
...
Treatment:
•
Medicines for seasonal allergy have to be taken weeks before exposure
...
•
Using a diagnostic test, ECP can be detected in body fluids to ensure the
lowest effective doses
...
It describes different types of allergy, causes, symptoms and
precautions
...
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this chapter try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
2
...
Have you noticed that certain food items or the change of weather effect you
when you take such food items or find yourself in such a weather?
4
...
5
...
6
...
)
7
...
•
He is among the major short-story writers and dramatists in history
...
Story:
•
This story is about a Bet between a very rich banker and a Lawyer
...
•
In the party there was a discussion about capital punishment and life
imprisonment
...
The banker:
•
The banker did not agree to the opinion of his guests
...
On the
other hand, life imprisonment killed slowly
...
However if he was allowed to choose he would
surely choose life imprisonment
...
The banker's reaction:
•
He was ready to bet two million that the lawyer would not be able to stay in prison
for five years
...
•
The banker agreed to this at once
...
The lawyer
had to spend fifteen years locked away in the portion of banker’s house which
was in the garden
...
•
He was allowed to have musical instruments, as many books he liked and to write
letters, drink wine or smoke tobacco
...
If he broke any of these conditions or escape even two minutes before time, the
banker would not have to pay the lawyer two million
...
•
Did not take wine & tobacco
...
In the second year:
• He stopped playing the piano & read only classics
...
•
Spent the year eating, drinking, and lying on his bed and talking about angrily
...
In the sixth year:
•
He studied different Languages, Philosophy & History
...
After the tenth year:
•
He read the New Testament for one whole year
...
In the last two years:
•
He read poetry by Byron and Shakespeare and book of Chemistry, medicine,
novels, philosophy, natural science & religion
...
•
Fifteen years ago when he had proposed the bet, he had been very rich
...
He knew he would have nothing left if
he paid the prisoner two million now
...
•
In the night when it was raining and very cold & everyone was sleeping, he
unlocked the prisoner room & entered
...
He saw that the prisoner had written something on the piece of paper & decided
to read it
...
•
Now he hated freedom, life, health & everything that is valued in the world
...
English |52
•
He said that no matter how proud, wise and beautiful human-beings are
...
Nothing is permanent in the world
...
On the reading this, the banker
felt guilty & cried
...
Why did the banker weep to read the notes of the Lawyer?
2
...
What do you think about the terms & conditions of the bet?
4
...
•
A Novelist, Galsworthy is chiefly known for his 'The Foryste Saga
...
•
He often deals with specific social grievances such as the double standard of
justice as applied to the upper and lower classes
...
Gessler, a German shoemaker settled in London
...
• Devoted his life towards his art
...
Gessler:
•
Spoke English with a German accent
...
•
Mr Gessler's shop was located in the fashionable area of west end in London
...
•
Mr
...
•
Few people knew about him
...
•
His shoes were very long lasting & always fitted to the feet perfectly
...
Gessler about the particular pairs of boots made
by him which made creaking noise
...
•
If defective, he would not charge the author for them
...
Gessler’s shop in a pair of boots that he had bought from a
large firm
...
Gessler immediately pointed out the place on the left boot where it hurt the
author without being told anything about it by the author
...
Gessler became emotional and blamed the big firms for taking away the
livelihood of workers like himself who worked on a low scale
...
Gessler - Causes of death:
•
Every time the author met Mr
...
•
Author visited Mr
...
•
The young man told him that Mr, Gessler used to eat so little that he did not get
enough nutrition
...
•
Mr
...
•
All his earnings were spent in paying rent and buying leather
...
•
As he did not advertise & took a long time to finish his work, he slowly lost all his
customers
...
Gessler was the best
shoemaker in London
...
Gessler
...
Mr
...
The work style of Mr
...
Explain
...
How did the author know Mr
...
Suppose, you are one of the customers of Mr
...
You know how Mr
...
What will you suggest to protect
the trade from the on slaught of big firms?
English |55
Sun and Moon
Katherine Mansfield
About the authoress:
• A well-known short story writer
...
”
• Her growth was directed towards the intensity of feeling and maturity of vision
...
Story:
This story shows the authoress’s sensitive perception of subtle feelings and
emotions especially of children whose heart and mind, she studied with rare
insight about a young boy named 'Sun' and his younger sister, 'Moon'
...
• Sun is a serious and quiet boy
...
• Sun appreciates beauty and does not like to see pretty things destroyed
...
• The mother was very busy in the preparations
...
• The nurse dressed them in fancy dresses
...
• Children saw golden chains and flowers arriving
...
• The dining table was decorated beautifully
...
• Moon got most of the attention
...
• They woke up by a loud noise of clapping from down stairs
...
• Soon they fell asleep there
...
After Party:
•
The children’s father discovered them on the stairs
...
•
Moon did not notice that the dining room was dirty
...
• Sun was very upset
...
Behaviours of the parents:
•
Sun started crying the father became angry and scolded Sun
...
•
Neither the father nor the mother made any effort to understand why Sun was
upset
...
•
The mother did not have any time for her children
...
She treated them like pretty things
...
•
The message she gives the adult is that they should treat children as human
beings and not just pretty things
...
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this chapter try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
Why did the children go upstairs?
3
...
Suppose you are Sun
...
How did you feel? And how did you face such situation?
English |57
Two Horizons
Binapani Mohanty
About the Author:
•
Binapani Mohanty was born in 1936
...
•
Story:
Got Sahitya Academy award in 1990
...
•
Story of two letters one of a mother and the other is of a daughter
...
Status of a woman in a family:
•
Before Marriage: Before marriage she lives with her parents
...
She enjoys
life without any responsibility of the family
...
She is unknown to the new
family
...
•
Everybody (father-mother-in-law, brother, sister in law etc
...
•
After becoming mother, she has to take care of her children too
...
A letter of a daughter to her mother:
•
The daughter writes a letter to her mother
...
She has learnt good manners and behavior from her mother
...
Reply of a mother to her daughter’s letter:
•
After going through her daughter’s letter, the mother feels sad and confused
...
• One has to develop the strength inside oneself to face the problems in life
...
•
The mother had kept all her feelings and problems to herself
...
This
is not the fault of the daughter
...
Now, on the basis of your understanding of this chapter try to answer the following
questions:
1
...
What picture of the status of women in the family is represented in Two Horizons?
Do you find any trace of generation gap in the approach to life shown by the mother
and her daughter?
English |59
Love Defiled
Gridhar Jha
About the author:
•
Giridhar Jha is a senior Journalist and script writer based in Patna
...
Friendship and career:
•
The narrator had promised to marry his girlfriend because they were in friendship
for eight years
...
•
Everyone around them thought that they would surely get married
...
• So he decided to become a journalist
...
•
He himself was not strong enough to go against the will of his family
...
•
She was so gentle that she did not get angry with him and had no complain against
him
...
•
He also avoided telling his wife about his relationship with the girlfriend
...
• The girlfriend introduced her ex-friend to her husband
...
•
This made the narrator realize that she had already told her husband about their
past relationship
...
•
The narrator was ashamed of his behaviour and realized that his character was as
bad as his physical appearance
...
Contrast between the personality of the author and his girlfriend:
•
The girl was beautiful and intelligent
...
•
She tried to make him confident of himself
...
•
In her comparison the narrator was not good looking
...
•
He was a selfish and a weak man
...
Question:
1
...
Has the goodness of some one ever made you feel very mean? Explain