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Geography- Energy!

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g
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g
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Explain the difference between primary and secondary energy
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g
natural gas
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g electricity,petrol and
coke
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Explain the difference between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
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e
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g fossil fuels!

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-would not be a problem if people were to cut the amount of energy they use
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What does supply of energy mean?!
-the amount of energy which is supplied by the government
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-the countries are densely populated e
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-industrialisation- more technology used in the world- more energy is needed and
so the demand increases
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g manufacturing happens- requires more energy and so increases the
demand
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Describe in detail the pattern of global energy consumption shown in Figure 4
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106)
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g USA (HIC) uses 5000-9999kg of coal equivalent per person whereas Kenya
(LIC) uses 0-499 kg of coal equivalent per person !
-MICs e
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-when there is not enough energy, it is known as a energy deficit
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75% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels
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g solar!

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g USA has a
higher income per person than Africa and uses more energy
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g
Iceland are able to use geothermal energy
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Discuss the arguments for and against making greater use of nuclear energy
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-no greenhouse gas emissions- not effect on global warming so it is a ‘green’
source of energy
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*Disadvantages:!
-bad experience before e
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-produces nuclear waste-expensive to dispose of because it can cause pollutionadds to expenses as nuclear energy is expensive to set up
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Define energy efficiency:!
-Using energy, such as electricity, more carefully and less wastefully to reduce
overall use (and reduce pollution)
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Why is energy efficiency so important:!
- Non-renewable reserves e
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fossil fuels will last longer!
- Energy costs will be reduced!
- Pollution levels will be reduced, as burning less fossil fuels means there will be
less carbon dioxide emissions!

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of oil energy:!
*Advantages: Widely distributed all over the world, large amounts of energy can be
generated, fairly cheaply, oil-fired power stations are very efficient, easy to mine
and transport as it is a liquid!
*Disadvantages: Burning oil releases carbon dioxide (pollution), using oil is difficult
to recycle and clean, price of oil is rising!

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy:!
*Advantages: Free, no pollution, can be used in expensive areas where it is too
expensive to extent the electricity power grid, infinite amount!
*Disadvantages: Only be harnessed when sunny and daytime, large areas of land
are required, solar power can charge batteries so that solar devices can work at
night but they are large, heavy and need storage space, as well as needing to
replaced time to time!

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g
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy:!
*Advantages: Efficient source of energy compared to solar, tides are predictable so
we know when the tides will be in or out, no greenhouse age emissions, still
produces electricity efficiency even if the tides are coming at low speeds!
*Disadvantages: High upfront cost for construction, only produce energy during teal
surges which approximately happen for around 10 hours a day (does not produce
electricity all the time), can lead to environment damage as it can disrupt the
movement of large marine animals!

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(Different Question) Define the four sectors and give an example
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g Miner!
-Secondary- economic activities that involve making/assembling products, or
processing and adding value to raw materials e
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g
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g Video game
designer
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The relative importance of the four sectors to the economy can be measured in
two different ways
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-measuring the amount of employees there are in each sector!
-measuring the GDP% (Gross Domestic Product) the country is making from each
sector
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See p
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Compare the % contributions of each of the economic sectors to
overall GDP in Ethiopia, China and the UK
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-Compared to UK, Ethiopia (LIC) has a higher percentage as it account t for 44%!
-China (MIC)- a fairly small contribution- only contributes to approximately 1/8
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•Secondary:!
-Not the case as it contributes the least for Ethiopia!
-China- 50% of GDP comes from this sector
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-Out of all three, China’s secondary sector contributes the most towards its GDP
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-Almost the same in China!
-UK- accounts for 75% of its GDP
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•Primary:!

-In the pre-industrial time there were 70% of employed people in the sector-highest
out of all four!
-Industrialisation- decrease in percentage of employment!
-continued to decrease post-industrialisation- In 2000 the percentage of
employment in the sector was 10%- big change as it is now one of the least
employed sectors in the UK
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-Mid-way through industrialisation-decrease in percentage of workers and
continued to decrease post-industrialisation
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-Increased a lot during industrialisation- most employed sector at the end of the
industrial age
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-In 2000 it had 55% of employed people- the highest out of all the sectors
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-started post-industrialisation and has increased very slowly/!
-In 2000 it had around 5% of employed people- the least out of all the sectors!

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•Why is the primary sector so important in places with a low level of development:!
-Many people live in rural areas and lead a subsistence lifestyle, lack of technology
to process or add value to raw ,material, low income so less demand for services,
population may lack education/skills needed to work in services or manufacturing!

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•Why does the importance of the secondary sect increase then decrease through
the stages of development:!
-Increase as energy is readily available and affordable, increased wealth leads to
increased demand for goods, levels of technology and expertise and increasing!
-Decreases (deindustrialisation) due to depletion of raw materials, mechanisation
(machines replace workers), cheaper overseas competition (low wages etc
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Only a small number of countries have the funds, technology and expertise
required to be successful in this sector!

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-Also it is the origin of town as the town has been built around the CBD- historic
centre of city- has always been the focal point
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What is decentralisation?!
-people and businesses have been moving from the CBD and the inner city to the
suburban ring and into the urban fringe
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-Plenty of care parking space- more people can come and makes it more
accessible
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-Has cheaper land than in the CBD- businesses do not have to pay a lot for land
and could even expand and buy buy larger plots of land, meaning they have space
for a warehouse or for a house for example
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What is a science park?!
-usually near a university or research centre!
- aim of encouraging and developing high-tech industries in the quaternary sector
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Identify three other types of development that are likely to choose an urban fringe
location
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Informal Sector:!
-unofficial 5th sector!
-unregulated,untaxed,low-paid work with no health-care,irregular and/or long hours,
a high exposure to work-related risks!
-cycle of poverty- children are expected to make a contribution towards the budgethave informal job rather than go to school-their kids will have to do the same
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g selling items on street,may involve crime
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Factors affecting the changing location of manufacturing:!
-Global Shift:movement of manufacturing from HICs to cheaper production
locations in MICs and LICs!

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This has happened because:!
-TNCs-large companies that operate in two or more countries
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-Raw materials-stocks have run low in HICs and so are becoming more difficult/
expensive to obtain
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There will be fewer regulations on
working conditions and even MICs might be able to offer highly-skilled workers for
high-tech manufacturing work
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g
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There
are now instant forms on communication and reduced journey times
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CASE STUDY OF DE-INDUSTRIALISATION: NE ENGLAND:!
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Causes:!
•Consett, located near Newcastle, grew around iron and steel works and depended
on it for its economic well-being!
•Consett’s steelwork closed in 1980 due to:!
-exhaustion of local raw materials!
-high costs of bringing raw materials to an inland location
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g Redcar!
-major local market for steel closed
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•loss of town’s ball bearing manufacturer- depended on steel!
•shops and pubs closed down- people had no money because they were employed
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•manufacturing decreased by 2/3!

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Subsequent Redevelopment:!
•Derwentside Industrial Development Agency (DIDA)- group of business and local
government agencies who wanted to regenerate area
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g bioprocessing- provided jobs for people!
•200 companies had been established- created 6000 jobs!
•E-businesses- encourages e-businesses to develop their business- 82 more jobs
were created!
•Growth in tourism-near Newcastle-increasingly popular place for commuters to live!
•Population has increased to around 85000
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CASE STUDY: CAMBRIDGE SCIENCE PARK AND BIOTECHNOLOGY:!
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•Links with University:!
-close to prestigious university- founded by Trinity College!
-Attractive for venture capitalists!
-sharing resources- labs and specialist labour- experience to help businesses!
-research for developing businesses- help small businesses to develop!

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•On-site facilities:!
-CCTV across whole park- businesses may feel safer!
-recycling facilities- businesses may care about the environment!
-innovation centre-furbished space for businesses to come up with ideas- helps
businesses to grow!
-Kidsunlimited- open 52 weeks a year excluding bank holidays- very accessible for
parents-helps community-businesses may like that connection!
-gym-encourages exercise and well-being-promotes and nice message about
fitness!

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•Venture Capital:!
-small businesses are able to get money to start/develop!
-businesses can get a good start-gives them a chance to develop!

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•Synergy:!
-Cooperation of businesses to produce greater results-produce a greater sum than
what they would of separately !
-promotes teamwork!
-businesses are able to expand and develop!

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•Transport and Communication:!
-very accessible- even aeroplane in all major London airports!
-broadband services- provides easier communication for businesses- helps with
synergy and the communication between businesses!
-cycling+walking-promotes wellbeing and exercise as well
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On the Urban Fringe:!
-accessibility-easier transport-industrial estates with a okayed layout for a road
network-even more accessible
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-highly skilled workforce available-needed for high-tech industries!
-attractive environment-makes company look good as no business will want to work
in an unattractive environment!
-car parking- easy accessibility
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•Define biotechnology:!
-A high-tech industry in the quaternary sector
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Most of the world’s biotechnology firms are
in HICs because they have a good supply of graduate scientists and these are
needed for research
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