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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BLOOD
BloodAverage amount of blood in body is 5-6 liters
Average temperature of blood is 38 centigrade( 100
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35-7
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Transportation
a) Transports oxygen from lungs to cells
b)Transports CO2 from cells to lungs
c) Transports nutrients from digestive system to the cells
d) Transports waste products from the cell to the kidneys, lungs, and sweat glands
e)Transports hormones from endocrine glands to the cells
f)Transports enzymes to the cells
II
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Prevents loss of body fluid by forming a clot
IV
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Red Blood Cells- also called erythrocytes
- Ratio 500 red blood cells to 1 white blood cells
-Produced in red bone marrow
-Average lifespan of red blood cells is 120 days( 4 months)
-Old red blood cell destroyed by: reticuloendothelial cells, spleen, lymph nodes
-Once RBC destroyed heme is salvaged because it’s needed
Major Function of Red Blood Cells:
Transports oxygen by hemoglobin
Notes:
-Color of blood varies with oxygen content
...
EPO primarily produced by
cells in the kidney that lie between kidney tubules(peritubular interstitial cells) therefore renal failure
causes decrease in release of EPO therefore there’s a decrease in red blood cells production
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At the center of each heme ring is an
iron ion( Fe2t) that combines reversely with one oxygen molecule allowing each hemoglobin molecule to
bind four oxygen molecules
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As
blood flows through tissue capillaries, the iron- oxygen reaction reverses
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2
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Platelets- help form a clot
Terms:
1
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Leucopenia- decrease in white blood cells
3
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Antigens- foreign to body( usually coming from outside); stimulate production of antibodies
Blood Clot Mechanisms
1
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Thromboplastin combines with prothrombin and Calcium to form thrombin
3
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Fibrin combines with the cell to form a clot
Prothrombin- to form you need vitamin K
Thrombosis- a clot that is formed in an unbroken(uncut) blood vessels
Thrombus- clot
Embolus- also a clot that is due to air that’s cutting off circulation
Embolism- an embolus( or clot) that is lodged in a blood vessel; transported in the blood
Cutting off circulation= Can’t get enough oxygen
Anticoagulants-decrease blood clot
1
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Dicumerol- antagonistic to Vitamin K
-decreases level of prothrombin
-slower acting than Heparin
3
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- percentage of packed red blood cells( percent of total blood volume occupied by red blood
cell)
Note: Hematocrit is used to diagnose anemia or polycythemia
Hematocrit of 40 indicates 40% of blood volume composed of red blood cells
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AKA “ blood poisoning; or septic shock”
Erythroblastosis Fetalis- there is an rh negative mother carrying an rh positive fetus
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Tricuspid
2
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Pulmonary Valve
2
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Autonomic
-Sympathetic goes to PM to increase heart rate
- Parasympathetic goes to PM to decrease heart rate
Medulla Oblongata
A
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Cardioinhibitor- when stimulated it in turn stimulates parasympathetic nervous system to
decrease heart rate
2
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Carotid Artery- Carotid Sinus( goes to brain)
B
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Chemoreceptors: detect changes in chemicals in blood specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide
Example A: If you a decrease in oxygen in blood( hypoxia) it’s going to be sensed by
chemoreceptors which will send impulses to the cardioaccelerator center to stimulate the
sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate to bring the available oxygen to the vital
organs
Example B: Increase in CO2 in blood( hypercopnia) it’s going to be sensed by chemoreceptors
which will send impulses to inhibit the cardioinhibitor center thereby allowing cardioaccelerator
center to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate to get rid of CO2
Systemic Circulation- circulation through the heart
Chambers: four chambers in the heart
Left and Right Atria/ Left and Right Ventricles
Right Atria and Ventricle deal with deoxygenated blood( blood coming back from the tissue { all
cells in the body})
Left Atria and Ventricle deal with oxygenated blood( blood coming from tissue)
Atria- receive blood
Right Atria- receive deoxygenated blood coming back
Left Atria- receive oxygenated blood from lung

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Ventricle- pump blood
Right Ventricle- pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left Ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood into aorta to the tissue
Valves
AV Valves- Tricuspid( btw right atrium/ ventricle)
Bicuspid( btw left atrium/ventricle)
Semilunar- Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve at aorta
Veins- there are two veins:
1a
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Inferior vena cava- brings deoxygenated blood to the heart from lower parts
of the body
The way blood flows( diagram was drawn in class… for better explanation look in text book or
online)
1-7 deoxygenated blood
8-15 oxygenated blood
1
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3
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5
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7
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9
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11
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13
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15
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Clotting Time- time required for the blood to clot or coagulate
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Bleeding Time- time required for the bleeding to stop for a small puncture
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Arrhythmia- irregular heartbeat/ heart rhythm
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Also be caused by faulty conduction system
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Congenital- there is a defect in the ductus arteriosus
Ductus Arteriosus- connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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Septal Defect- there is an opening in the septum of the heart
A) Atrial Septal- due to a failure of the foramen ovale to close
B) Ventricular Septal- either opening or abnormal development of the septum
Note: Foramen Ovale- opening between right and left atrium( at birth it has to close)
3
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May be caused
from: rheumatic heart disease; may also happen in aortic valve
Note: Stenose- to close
4
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There is a ventricular septum opening
2
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Stenosis( or closing) narrowing of pulmonary artery valve
4
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Faulty Conduction- “ Heart Block”- Type of arrhythmia
I
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Also may be due to diphtheria, or syphilis
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Major Symptom: Vertigo, which is due to there not being enough oxygen going to the brain
Vertigo- due to decrease in cardiac output causing decrease in blood flow to the brain
Major Causes:
1
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Destruction of the AV bundle which may result from arteriosclerosis, myocarditis, coronary
infarction, or depression caused by drugs
Note: Vagus Nerve- major parasympathetic nerve
Flutter + Fibrillation
I
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It indicates
damage to the myocardium
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May become fibrillation in a few days
II
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It reduces the effectiveness of the heart by about 50%
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Ventricular Fibrillation- asynchronous contraction of the ventricle
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May be caused by: coronary occlusion( closing off of
the coronary artery)
Conduction System: the nerve supply of the heart
1
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3
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5
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Also means that
impulses have traveled through the ventricles
T-Wave- indicates ventricular repolarization or relaxation( ventricles now relax/ to be filled again)
P-R interval: takes about 0
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Myocardial infarction- death of the tissue due to a lack of blood supply…may result from a thrombus, or
embolus in the coronary
Shock: may be due to a decrease cardiac output or decrease blood volume; which will cause a decrease
blood supply to the tissue especially the brain resulting in shock
Causes: Hemorrhage
Histamine
Symptoms: 1
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You will show signs of cyanosis
3
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There will be a decrease in blood pressure
Homeostatic Compensation- body will undergo vasoconstriction
(Hemorrhage)
Angiotension II
1
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Vasopressin( ADH)- an antidiuretic hormone acts on kidney to cause a reabsorption of water
B
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Decrease Heart rate:
-release epinephrine
-increase heart rate
-increase blood pressure
-to get out of shock
Physiology of Circulation
Aorta( large artery) = 100mmHg
Small arteries= 70mmHg
Arteriole= 30mmHg

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Capillary= 18mmHg
Venules= 10mmHg
Vein= 8mmHg
Superior and Inferior vena cava= 2mmHg
Left ventricle has to generate enough pressure
Aorta to arterial pressure tree
Maintain blood pressure( extensive/ elastic of muscle)
Blood pressure
BP= Flow X Resistance
Flow= volume of blood per minute
Resistance= force that is applied by the walls of the blood vessels against flow of blood
Blood pressure may be determined by cardiac output
Factors that may affect resistance
1
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3
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Extensibility + Elasticity
Viscosity= increase viscosity also increase resistance
Plasma protein= same as increase viscosity
Peripheral resistance= the walls of blood vessel offer resistance
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Walls of arterioles may be controlled by vasomotor center in the medulla
oblongata

Vasomotor center
1
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Vasodilator- increase diameter of blood vessel and increase blood flow
Pulse- alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each systole( or contraction) of the
left ventricle
Pulse is measured from radial artery, brachial artery, and the carotid artery
Pulse rate is the same as heart rate which ranges 70-90 bpm
Tachycardia- increase in pulse rate or heart rate
Bradycardia- decrease in pulse rate or heart rate
Blood Pressure= pressure exerted or caused by the blood on the blood vessel

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Sphygmomanometer- used to measure blood pressure
Systolic Pressure( 120mmHg)- the force which the blood is pushing against the walls of the arteries
during ventricular contraction
Diastolic Pressure(80mmHg)- the force of the blood in the arteries during ventricular relaxation
Difference between pulse rate and pulse pressure( systolic and diastolic pressure)= 40mmHg
Pulse Pressure= provides info about condition of the arteries
Hypertension( high blood pressure)
1
...
Secondary= arteriosclerosis( hardening of the arteries)
atherosclerosis ( accumulation of fat plaque)
kidney disease
Aneurysm- sac that’s filled with blood and is formed by out-pouching( sorta like a swelling or
stretching)of the of the wall of the artery or vein
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
1)Pre-load:




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the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
the greater the pre-load on the cardiac muscle fiber prior to contraction increases the
force of contraction
the more the heart fills with blood during diastole the greater is the force of the
contraction during systole
preload is proportional to the volume of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of
diastole( end of diastolic volume)
the greater the end diastolic volume the more force of the next contraction

End diastolic volume is determined by:
1
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By venous return
2)Contraction:




may be defined as the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular
muscle fibers
it’s the strength of contraction of any given pre-load
an increase in contractility is called positive inotropic

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Calcium is a positive inotropic agent, and calcium levels are increased during cardiac action potential
which strengthens the fierce of contraction
Epinephrine( adrenal) & norepinephrine increases calcium levels
Decrease in contractility is called negative inotropic
Ex
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Calcium channel blockers also have negative inotropic
3
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There is no mixing
of fetal and maternal blood
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In the placenta the blood picks up O2 , and nutrients and eliminates the CO2
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Deoxygenated blood returning from the lower parts of the body mixes with the oxygenated blood from
the ductus venous and inferior vena cava, and then goes to the right atrium
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Most of the fetal blood will not go from the right
ventricle to the lungs, because lungs are not operating
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Also, if some blood enters the right
ventricle, the blood will then go from the right ventricle through the ductus arteriosis to the aorta then
to the tissues
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Hepatic Circulation
The venous blood( blood in vein) from the GI tract and the spleen go to the liver before going to the
heart
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Hepatic Portal Vein is formed by:
1
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Splenic
These two enter hepatic portal vein that goes to the liver
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Superior mesenteric collects blood from these
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The blood then leaves the
liver by the hepatic vein, which enter the inferior vena cava
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II
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Nitroglycerin- 1 group of drugs
B
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Positive inotropic agent- they increase contractility as in the case of
congestive heart failure
A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine- increase heart rate
C) Dopamine
D)Digoxin( called lanoxin)
E) Isuprel( Isoproterenole)
2
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Antiarrhythmics- drugs that work on pacemaker
A) Phenytoin( Dilatin)
4
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Shock- Epinephrine
Norephinephrine
Dopamine

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