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Gene Regulation
A
...
Acetylation —> loosening of chromatin to make it available for transcription
2
...
Epigenetic inheritance—> why identical twins with the same exact genome can turn
out very differently
a) Reversible changes based on environment, experiences, treatment as a child,
etc
...
Regulation at Transcription Level
1
...
Transcription factors—> Activator or repressor proteins
a) Increase or repress transcription
C
...
Alternative RNA splicing—> different mRNA molecules are produced from the same
primary transcript
a) depends on which segments are treated as introns/exons
2
...
New role for RNA—> non protein coding DNA is transcribed into ncRNA
a) these regions are not simply junk, they help with regulation
b) microRNA (miRNA) —> single stranded RNA that forms a complex with
nucleotides
(1) block or degrade translation
c) Small interfering RNA (siRNA)—> similar to miRNA in size and function
(1) RNA interference (RNAi) is the blocking of gene expression
d) Piwi-associated RNA—> ?
D
...
after emerging from ribosome —> proteins fold into its correct shape and begin
working
a) some proteins must be activated first
(1) insulin —> an enzyme must cleave it before it can begin working
II
...
recombinant DNA—> taking DNA for two or more sources and combining them into one
molecule
B
...
produce a protein product —> ex
...
replace a nonfunctioning gene by gene therapy
3
...
to engineer bacteria to clean up the environment —> can eat toxic waste
C
...
isolate a gene of interest
2
...
insert the plasmid into a vector
a) make the bacterium competent (be able to take up a plasmid)
4
...
Restriction Enzymes
I
...
fend off attacks of invading bacteriophages
2
...
fragments that result are called restriction fragments
4
...
Gel Electrophoresis —> separates large molecules of DNA on the basis of their rate of
movement through an agarose gel
1
...
DNA (-) flows from cathode to anode (negative to positive)
3
...
it must be cut by restriction enzymes first to be able to migrate through the gel