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Title: AP Chemistry 12 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Description: Part One of AP Chemistry 12 notes which includes: The Arrhenius Model pH and pOH The Brønsted-Lowry Model Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids Ion Product Constant for Water The Effect of Temperature on Kw The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
Description: Part One of AP Chemistry 12 notes which includes: The Arrhenius Model pH and pOH The Brønsted-Lowry Model Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids Ion Product Constant for Water The Effect of Temperature on Kw The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
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Acids, Bases, and Salts: Part 1
Properties of Acids and Bases
● Physical Properties
○ acidic solutions taste sour; basic solutions are slippery and taste bitter
○ acid and base solutions have the ability to conduct electricity (they are
electrolytes) and the dissolve into ions in solutions
○ pure water is a nonconductor of electricity
; only by adding an acid or base can
water conduct electricity (the acid or base produces ions)
● Chemical Properties
○ acids and bases react with litmus paper
■ Aqueous solutions of cause blue litmus paper to turn , while
acids
red
solutions of cause the red litmus paper to turn
bases
blue
○ acids react with some metals and metal carbonates
■ Mg Zn
and react with aqueous solutions of acids to produce
hydrogen gas
■ Metal carbonates hydrogen carbonates
and
react with aqueous solutions
of acids to produce
carbon dioxide gas
Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions
● All water solutions contain hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH)
● The
relative amounts
of the two ions determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic,
basic, or neutral
...
● only accounts for
completely ionized (so not at equilibrium) acids or bases
The BrønstedLowry Model
● a more inclusive model of acids and bases that
accounts for equilibrium situations
● focuses only on the hydrogen ion (H+)
● An acid is a hydrogenion donor
...
e
...
H20>H3O+
○ A conjugate base is the species that results when an acid donates a hydrogen ion
...
g
...
water) are said to be
amphoteric or amphiprotic
● involves conjugate acidbase pairs (two substances related to each other by a single
hydrogen ion)
Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids
● An acid that can donate only one hydrogen ion (H+) is called a monoprotic acid
...
○ Polar bonds (formed between elements with highly different electronegativities)
are ionizable whereas non polar bonds are not
○ e
...
in the molecule acetic acid, only one hydrogen is ionizable because it is
bonded to oxygen (high electronegativity difference)
...
● Acids that contain two ionizable hydrogen ions are called diprotic contain three
ionizable acids are called triprotic
...
● Other oxides combine with water to form bases
...
If the conjugate acid/base is weaker
than the original acid/base, the opposite is true
...
Therefore, the conjugate acid H3O+ must
be strong
...
Acid Ionization Constants
● BrønstedLowry model does not provide a quantitative way to express the strength of an
acid or compare the strengths of various acids
● The equilibrium constant expression provides the quantitative measure of acid strength
● For the Keq expression, the [H2O] is constant, so it’s combined with Keq to make Ka
● For weak acids, the numerator of the expression tends to be small (vice versa for strong
acids)
● Polyprotic acids are not necessarily strong for any of their ionizations
...
Strengths of Bases
● Everything that applies to acids applies to bases, except that OH ions, rather than H+
ions, are involved
...
● Metallic hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), are strong bases
...
● A weak base ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution (for the calcium hydroxide
the solution is actually saturated so there is a difference)
● OH is the strongest base in solution when a strong base has been ionized
...
Base Ionization Constant
● Weak bases also form equilibrium mixtures of molecules and ions in aqueous solution
...
● The
base
ionization constant
Kb is the value of the equilibrium constant for the ionization
of a base
...
Ion Product Constant for Water
● Pure water contains equal concentrations of H+ and OH ions produced by self
ionization
...
● The expression for Kw=[H3O+][OH]=[H+][OH] is a special equilibrium that applies
only to water
...
0*10^14
● The product of [H+] and [OH] always equals 1
...
● OH Value: Acidic<1
...
● According to Le Chatelier's Principle, an
increase
in temperature
increases
[H3O+],
[H+], and [OH] by the same amount (1:1:1),
increasing
Kw
...
● Ka*Kb=Kw
● To calculate the Kb of a weak base, we have to locate the base on the right column of the
table and divide Kw by Ka of its conjugate acid
...
A solution with pH=14 is strongly basic
...
● pH + pOH = pKw, where pKw = logKw
● At 25 degrees celsius, pH + pOH = 14
● Significant figures only apply to the numbers after the decimal point
Title: AP Chemistry 12 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Description: Part One of AP Chemistry 12 notes which includes: The Arrhenius Model pH and pOH The Brønsted-Lowry Model Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids Ion Product Constant for Water The Effect of Temperature on Kw The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
Description: Part One of AP Chemistry 12 notes which includes: The Arrhenius Model pH and pOH The Brønsted-Lowry Model Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids Ion Product Constant for Water The Effect of Temperature on Kw The Relative Strength of Acids and Bases