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KEY CONCEPTS & GIST OF THE LESSON
 Life processes – The processes that are necessary for an organism to stay alive
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Nutrition,
respiration, etc
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and excretes the waste materials from the body
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Autotrophic nutrition (Auto =self: trophos = nourishment) E
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Plants, Algae, blue green
bacteria
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Heterotrophic nutrition (Hetero =others: trophos = nourishment) Eg
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(a) Saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feeds on dead decaying plants or animals material
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g
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g
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o Exoparasite : Parasite lives on the body of the host
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g
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Note- The parasite benefits while the host is usually harmed e
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Cuscutta-plant parasite (amar bel),
plasmodium (malarial parasite)
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Eg
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Animals, human beings
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(ii)
Digestion: breaking down of complex food into simpler, absorbable form
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(iv)
Egestion: Removing undigested food from the body
o Nutrition in human beings
33
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6 page no
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C
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R
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(b) Makes the medium alkaline
for the action of Pepsin
Digests proteins
Protects the inner lining of the
stomach from the corrosive action of
Hydrochloric acid
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(b) Breaks down large fat
molecules into smaller globules
so that enzymes can act upon
them
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Sphincter muscle- Helps in the exit of food from the stomach
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(vi)
Large intestine- For absorption of water
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o Types of respiration- (i) Aerobic respiration (ii) Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration
34

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Takes place in presence of Oxygen
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Takes place in absence of Oxygen
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End products- Carbon dioxide & Water

2
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More energy is released
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Less energy is released
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Takes place in Cytoplasm & Mitochondria

4
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5
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5
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6
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6
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E
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In humans
during vigorous exercise, when the demand for
Oxygen is more than the supply, muscle cells
respire anaerobically for some time
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EquationGlucose→ Pyruvate→ CO2 + H2O + Energy

7
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(ii) Thin permeable walls – to ensure easy diffusion & exchange of gases
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o Gaseous exchange in plants Process – Diffusion
 Direction of diffusion depends on- (i) Environmental conditions
(ii) Requirement of the plant
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Therefore only Oxygen is released, which is a major activity during the day
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Therefore only Carbon dioxide is released,
which is a major activity during the night
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 Aquatic animals- take Oxygen dissolved in water
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o Human Respiratory systemExternal nostrils → Nasal cavity → Trachea→ Bronchi → Bronchioles →Alveoli
 Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the trachea (air passage) does not
collapse when there is less air in it
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(ii) They are spongy, elastic bags consisting of Bronchi,
Bronchioles and Alveoli
Refer to figure 6
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104 of N
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E
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T Text book)
35
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2
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4
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o Respiration occurs in two phaseso (i) External-Breathing, which is a mechanical process
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(ii) Respiratory pigments also required
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(iv) It has very high affinity for Oxygen
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 Transportation
o Transportation in human beings Blood- (i) It is a fluid connective tissue
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 Functions of blood- (i) Transport of respiratory gases
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(iii) Transport of waste products
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1
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Deep seated
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Superficial
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3
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Carry Oxygenated blood
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Carry Deoxygenated blood
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5
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10 page no
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C
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R
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(ii) It is the size of our fist
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(iv) It has four chambersTwo upper chambers called Atria
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 Working of heartLeft side- (i) Left atrium relaxes & the Oxygenated blood enters it from
the lungs through the pulmonary vein
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(iii) Left Ventricle contracts and the blood is pumped into the
largest artery ‗Aorta‘ and is carried to all parts of the body
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Right side- (i) Right atrium relaxes & the deoxygenated blood from the body enters it
through superior and inferior Vena cava
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(iii) Right Ventricle contracts and the blood is pumped into the Pulmonary
artery and is carried to lungs
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 Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries Oxygenated blood
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 Double circulation in man- because the blood passes through the heart twice in one
complete cycle of the circulation
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(ii) Walls are one cell thick only for easy exchange of
blood
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 Lymph- Extracellular fluid similar to plasma but colourless with lesser protein
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(ii) Drains excess fluid from the intercellular spaces
back in the blood
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g
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(i)
Oxygenated blood & Deoxygenated blood are completely separate for
efficient Oxygen supply
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 Amphibians & reptiles- have 3 chambered heat where little mixing of Oxygenated
blood & Deoxygenated blood takes place
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(cold blooded animals)
o Transportation in plants Plants need less energy needs- because they do not move and therefore have a slow
transport system
 Transport of water(i)
Takes place by xylem tissue present in roots, stem, leaves and is
therefore interconnected
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Column of water therefore rises
upwards
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 Importance of transpiration(i)
Helps in upward movement of water in plants
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

Transport of food(i)
Takes place by phloem tissue
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 Excretion- The biological process of removal of harmful metabolic wastes in living
organisms
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 Excretion in human beings(Refer to figure 6
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110 of N
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E
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T Text book)
 Organs of excretory system- (i) Kidneys
(iii) Urinary bladder
(ii) Ureters
(iv) Urethra
 Kidneys(i)
Two in number
(ii)
Bean shaped
(iii) Present in abdomen on either side of the backbone
(iv)
Basic unit is nephron
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Glomerulus- Group of capillaries (cluster) present in Bowman‘s
capsule to receive blood from renal artery and filters it
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Bowman‘s capsule- Cup shaped structure, which contains glomerulus
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Convoluted tubule- is long and reabsorbs vital nutrients like glucose, amino
acids, salts, urea and water
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 Urinary bladder- Muscular bag like structure to store urine
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 Artificial kidney- Principle: Dialysis
 Excretion in plants Gaseous wastes- CO2 in respiration & O2 in photosynthesis are removed by the process
of diffusion
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 Other wastes- (i) Stored in cellular vacuoles or in leaves, which fall off or as
gums, resins, etc
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(ii) Excreted in soil
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Open & close stomata
2
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Alimentary canal of human beings/ Digestive system of human beings
4
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Structure of heart
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Excretory system of human beings
7
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To prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
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To prove that Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis
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To prove that light is necessary for photosynthesis
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To prove that product of fermentation is Carbon dioxide
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To prove that leaves lose water by transpiration
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To study the action of salivary amylase on starch
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To demonstrate that Carbon dioxide is present in exhaled air
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To demonstrate the process of transpiration in plants
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LIFE PROCESS
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT I
Q
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Name the site of photosynthesis
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What is osmoregulation?
3
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4
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Name the term for transport of food from leave to other parts of the plant
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Draw the diagram of cross – section of a lead and label the following in it:
a
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Guard cell
c
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Upper epidermis
7
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Explain why Bile juice does not contain any digestive enzymes, yet it is essential for digestion
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How would non – secretion of hydrochloric acid in our stomach affect food digestion? Explain
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How does nutrition takes place in Amoeba?
11
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Show the path of flow of blood with the help
of arrows
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How water is transported upwards in plants?
13
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14
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Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal
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Label the following – oesophagus, liver, gall bladder, and duodenum
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What is the function of liver in human body?

HOTS QUESTIONS (SOLVED / UNSOLVED)
39
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Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Ans
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It is necessary to separate oxygenated
blood and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds because such a separation allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells which is required for producing a lot of energy needed by
them
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How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Ans
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The
presence of villi gives the inner walls of the small intestine a very large surface area
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LIFE PROCESSES
ORAL QUESTIONS
1
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How does food passes through alimentary canal?

3
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In which part of the alimentary canal food is completely digested absorbed?

5
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Which structures stop backward flow of blood in atria and ventricles?

7
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Which part of the plant excretes some waste substances into the soil?

9
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10
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QUIZ
1
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Absorption of energy takes place in sunlight by the pigment
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Is chloroplast is non – lining structure?

4
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