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1
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Freezing point Depression (add solute)
- freezing point directly proportional to conc
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∆T = Kfm (Kf = (4
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)
∆T = 54
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7889 = 0
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786 = (4
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1709
= molality = moles of solute = (0
...
1709 à MM= 650
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0045 kg
3
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- multiplied by molarity of NaOH to get moles à values used to get pH or pKa
pKa = pH – log [A-]
[HA]
4
...

- conc is directly proportional to 1/t
6
...
314)

∆G = ∆H-T∆S

- molar solubility of [Ca] is ½ of the molarity of [OH-] à 2moles OH for every mole Ca(OH)2 dissociated
- if actual > theoretical à still excess Ca(OH)2 in sol after titration
à increase HCl, thus increase H ions
- solubility of Ca(OH)2 varies with temp
- CO2 can increase its solubility
- Adding acid to the solution with a solid base will inc the solubility of the base
- no solid base should be present when titrating
- remaining solids won’t affect Ksp à acidity of solution affects Ksp

10
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using pycnometer
- partial molar vol = contribution a component makes to the overall vol of the solution
= how total vol of solution changes when # of moles change
V1 = (∂V/ ∂n)pT

or

V = n1V1+n2V2+n3V3…nkVk (for binary solutions)

- weights of diff conc measured to get density
- Ave Weights and Density vs Concentrations
- vol of pycnometer = standard vol
- higher conc, lower density
- Density can determine the conc of a solution
- masses are additive, not volumes (acc
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Shorter distance = more dense) (depends on the force)
à Vol of pycnometer = (mass of pycnometer w/ H20 - wt
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99657g/mL

 
 



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