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Title: Automobile Chasis
Description: Automobile Chasis

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A Text Book on
Automobile Chassis and Body Engineering
(A text book for +2 Vocational and Diploma Students of Mechanical
Engineering)

Author
Sri
...
R
...


Editor
Sri
...
L
...
PRAKASA RAO PATNAIK,
Lecturer in Engineering (Automobile),
Department of Vocational Education,
Government Junior College AMADALAVALASA

contents
1
...
0

3
...
0

5
...
1
Introduction of Chassis frame
1
...
3
Functions of the Chassis frame
1
...
5
Various loads acting on the frame
1
...
7
Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz
...

Steering Sytem
2
...
2
Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2
...
4
Turning radius
2
...
6
Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2
...
8
List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
Braking system
3
...
2
Requirements of automobile brakes
3
...
4
Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3
...
6
List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
Suspension System
4
...
2
Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4
...
4
Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4
...
6
Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5
...
2
Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism

Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5
...
1
Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6
...
1
Body painting
7
...
1
Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8
...
3
Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8
...
1
Traffic signs and signals
9
...
3
Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9
...
5
Procedure for obtaining driving licenses

5
...
0

7
...
0

9
...
It is the back bone
of the vehicle
...
The components of
the vehicle like Power plant, Transmission System, Axles, Wheels and Tyres,
Suspension, Controlling Systems like Braking, Steering etc
...
It is the main mounting for all
the components including the body
...

Layout of Chassis and its main Components:

The following main components of the Chassis are
1
...

2
...
Clutch: It connects and disconnects the power from the engine fly
wheel to the transmission system
...
Gear Box

2

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
U Joint
6
...
Differential
FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:
1
...

2
...
,
3
...
To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition
...
To withstand centrifugal force while cornering
TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
There are three types of frames
1
...
Integral frame
3
...
Conventional frame: It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross
members joined together with the help of rivets and bolts
...

a
...
Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c
...
Integral Frame: This frame is used now a days in most of the cars
...
All the
functions of the frame carried out by the body itself
...
Only
disadvantage is repairing is difficult
...
Semi - Integral Frame: In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end
on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted
...
This type of frame is
used in FIAT cars and some of the European and American cars
...
Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch
...

3
...

5
...


Chassis Frame And body

3

Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve
...

Inertia Load - While applying brakes
...

Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity
...
doc

According to Chassis design the body can divided into
1
...
Integral Type
3
...
Light vehicle Bodies - cars, jeeps
2
...
Medium vehicle Bodies - Vans, Metadoors

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Chassis Frame And body

5

REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF VECHILE:
The body of the most vehicle should fulfill the following requirements:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...

8
...

9
...
It should provide good vision and ventilation
...
doc

Chapter 1

Short Answer Questions:
1
...

3
...

5
...
Draw the layout of conventional Chassis with a neat diagram and
explain about various parts on it?
2
...

REQUIREMENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM:
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...

f
...


8

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

It helps in turning the vehicle at the will of the driver
...

It is used to minimize the tyre wear and tear
...

It absorbs major part of the road shocks
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...


Steering Wheel
Steering column or shaft
Steering Gear
Drop Arm or Pitman Arm
Drag Link
Steering Arm
Track-Arms
Track Rod or Tie-Rod
Adjusting Screws

Types of Steering Gear Boxes:
1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...


Worm and Wheel Steering Gear
...

Re-circulating Ball type Steering Gear
...

Cam and Roller Gear type Steering Gear
...

Cam and Double lever Steering Gear
...


Functions of Steering Gear Box:

9

10

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
It converts the Rotary movement of the steering wheel in to the
angular turning of the front wheels
...
It also multiplies drivers efforts and give MEHANICAL ADVANTAGE
...
Worm and Wheel Type: This type of steering gear has a square cut screw
threads at the end of the steering column; which forms a worm, at the end of
it a worm wheel is fitted and works rigidly with it
...
The worm wheel can be turned to a new position
the drop arm can be readjusted to the correct working position
...
Re-circulating Ball Type: In this type of gear box the endless chain of balls
are provided between the worm and nut members
...
So that the sector on the rocker shaft racks,
the balls roll continuously between the worm and nut
...
This method reduces friction
between worm and nut members
...


3
...
In this type of steering a pinion is provided the
bottom end of the steering column
...
The rotating motion of the
pinion operates the rack in FORE and AFT direction which in turn operates the
stub axle
...
Cam and Lever Type: The cam and lever steering uses one or two lever
studs fitted in taper roller bearing
...
This imports a
turning motion to the drop arm shaft
...
Worm and Sector Type: In this type the worm on the end of the steering
shaft meshes with a sector mounted on a sector shaft
...
Its motion is transmitted to the wheel through the linkage
...


Power Steering: Power steering reduces much strain on the part of the driver
while negotiating sharp curves
...
It is usually

12

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
It is fitted on heavy commercial vehicles and medium
cars
...
The motion of the pitman arm
and steering gear box is transferred so the steering knuckles of the front
wheels through the steering linkages
...

Types of steering Linkages:
1
...

3
...

5
...

Direct cross type steering linkage
Three piece steering linkage
center arm steering linkage
Relay type steering linkage
...
It ranges from 8º to 10º
...
Then it is known as under steer
...

Over Steer: When the rear slip angle is greater than that of front slip angle,
the vehicle tends to mover away from the direction of center path
...
This is advantageous when the vehicle moving on the
road having many bends curves
...
Generally it varies between
14'
...
1
...
This
radius is 5 to 7
...


Chapter 2

Steering System

13

Wheel Alignment: It returns to the positioning of the front wheels and steering
mechanism that gives the vehicle directional stability, reduce the tyre wear
to a minimum
...
Factors pertaining to wheel:- a
...
Inflation of tyre
...
Brake adjustments
...
Steering Linkages
...
Suspension System
4
...
caster b
...
king pin inclination d
...
,
Steering Geometry: It refers to the angular relationship between the front
wheels and parts attached to it and car frame
...
Caster angle
2
...
King-pin inclination
4
...
toe-out etc
...
This is about 2º to 4º
...
The forward tilt is called negative caster
...
It is approximately ½º to 2º
...

The inclination tends to keep wheels straight ahead and make the wheels to
get return to the straight position after completion of a turn
...


14

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
It prevents side slipping excessive tyre
wear, proper rolling of front wheels and steering stability
...
It is used to prevent dragging of tyre during turn
...

If every imperfection of road surface causes the steering to rotate, it
causes much strain on the part of the driver to control the vehicle
...
There fore such of
the reversibility is not desired
...

Irreversible steering: If the front road wheels does not transfer any deflection
to the steering which is called irreversible steering
...

Steering Mechanism: There are two types of steering gear mechanisms
1
...
Ackermann Steering gear]
1
...
This type is mathematically
Accurate
...
The cross link KL slides in
the bearing and cross pins at its ends K and L
...
When the vehicle is running straight the gear is said to be
in its mid-position
...
The correct steering depends upon
the suitable selection of cross arm angle α, and is given by
Tan α = b/2l

Where b= AB = distance between the pivots of front axle
...

Ackermann Steering System: It has only turning pair
...
The track arms are made
inclined so that if the axles are extended they will meet on the longitudinal
axis of the car near rear axle
...

STEERING DEFECTS AND THEIR CAUSES AND REMEDIES:
1
...

Causes
a
...

b
...
Correct the wheel balance
b
...
The camber may be incorrect or c
...

uneven
d
...
d
...
doc

e
...


f
...

g
...
Adjust or Replace
g
...
High Speed shimmy: The oscillation of the front wheels at high speed is
called high speed shimmy
...

b
...

d
...
Excessive backlash in steering:
a
...
Drop arm may be loose on splines
- Replace
c
...
Loose steering Linkages
- Tighten Properly
4
...
Tyre pressure in two sides is not equal
b
...
Badly worn Tyre
d
...


5
...

a
...
Excessive caster
c
...
Incorrect wheel Alignment

- Correct pressure
- Adjust
- Adjust
- Adjust

Chapter 2

Steering System

17

COMPARATIVE STEERING DATA OF SOME INDIAN AUTOMOBILES
Vehicle make Type
of
Steeri
ng
Hindustan
Rack
Ambassador &
Mark II
Pinion

Camber

Casto
r

½”

8 1/4”

2

Fiat 1100

Worm
&
Roller

(0 to 30)
degrees
+/- 20’

3

Jeep CJ3B

Cam
&
Lever

11/2
degrees

3
degre
es

S
...
2 to
2
...
doc

Chapter 2

Short Answer Questions:
1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...
What are the types of steering gear boxes used and explain any one
of them?
2
...
Explain about different Steering mechanisms i
...
Dan’s and Ackerman
steering with neat diagrams?
4
...
Slip Angle
b
...
Reversible Steering and Irreversible steering
d
...

Principle of Braking system: While operating the braking system the KINETIC
ENERGY of moving vehicle is converted in to HEAT ENERGY
...

1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

Requirements of Automobile Brakes:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...

8
...

9
...

Stopping distance and Braking efficiency:
For practical measure for braking efficiency that of the minimum
distance in which it can be brought in to rest after the brake is applied
...
Grip between the tyre and road surface
...
Tyre tread condition
...
Tyre inflation
...
Nature of road surface
...

K=Constant depending upon the road and tyre inflation
...


20

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

1/12 for 2 wheel braking system
...

Condition of Brake

Braking efficiency in %

1
...
Excellent
3
...
Fair
5
...
Bad
7
...

Classification of Brakes: The following are the classifications of Brakes:
1
...
By method of application:
a) Service or foot brakes
b)Parking or hand brakes
3
...
By method of Braking contact
a
...
External Contracting Brakes
...
By Method of Applying Brake force:
a
...

b
...

Types of Mechanical Brakes:
a
...
Disc Brakes (Single or Two caliper)
Drum Brakes:
Construction: The main components of drum brakes are
1
...
Back plate
3
...
Brake Liners
5
...
Cam
7
...
There are brake shoes used to
contact the rotating drum for braking operation
...
The cam is used to lift the brake shoes at one end, other
end is connected by some method so as to make as the brake sleeve come
into contact in the brake drum
...

All these parts are fitted in the back plate and enclosed with brake drum
...

Working: When the pedal is pressed the cam moves the shoes outwards
through linkages, there by coming in frictional contact with the rotating drum
...

2
...
Spot Type
a
...
Sliding caliper type
2
...
The brake pressure in
case of disc brakes have to be much lighter than the drum brakes
...
doc

Chapter 3

It consists of rotating disc and two friction pads which are actuated by
the four hydraulic wheel pistons contain in two halves of an assembly is called
a caliper
...
The road wheel is fashioned to the outer surface of the disc
...
They are in position
being the hydraulic systems
...
In the released piston, the spring hold the piston pads so
that they maintain contact with disc surface
...

Construction: The main components of the system is
1
...
Wheel Cylinder

The figure shows the master cylinder is connected by tubing to the
wheel cylinder, at each of the four wheels
...
The brake fluid
generally a mixture of glycerin and alcohol or caster oil, denatured alcohol
and some additives
...
The brake liners are fitted on the outer surface of the

Chapter 3

BRAKING SYSTEM

23

brake shoes
...

Working: When the brake pedal is pressed the piston is forced in to the
master cylinder, the hydraulic pressure is applied equally to all wheel
cylinders
...

When the driver release the brake pedal, the piston in the master
cylinder returns back to its original position due to the return spring pressure
...

Thus the brakes are released
Construction and working of Master Cylinder

Master Cylinder: The Master Cylinder is the heart of the hydraulic brake
system
...
The fluid reservoir which contains
the fluid to supply to the brake system, and the compression chamber in
which the piston operates
...
The larger port is called the filler or intake part and is
connected to the hollow portion of the piston between the primary and
secondary cups which act as piston seals
...

When the brake pedal is depressed, the master cylinder piston moves
forward to force the liquid under pressure into the system
...
The liquid pressure is conducted to the wheel
cylinders, where it forces the wheel cylinder pistons out wards
...


24

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
Because the fluid in the
lines returns rather slowly, a vacuum tends to form in the cylinder in front of
the piston
...

Construction and working of Wheel Cylinder

WHEEL CYLINDER: Wheel cylinder is the second important hydraulic brake
system
...
It is rigidly mounted on the brake shield or backing plate
...
Bleeder valves are
provided in the cylinder to permit air and liquid to be pumped out of the
system during of the bleeding operation
...
A Spring serves to hold the
cups against the piston when the pressure is decreased
...
It causes to force out
the two pistons in opposite directions
...
Directly or through links force them against the brake drum, thus
applying the brake
...

In tandem master cylinder one cylinder operates the front brakes while
the other cylinder operates the rear brakes
...
It takes air from atmosphere, compresses it and
delivers to the air reservoir through un-loader valve
...
Then the compressed air is directed in to the atmosphere
directly
...
This force
operates the cam actuating lever and applies the brake
...

Working: When the brake pedal is pushed the brake valve opens and
compressed air is allowed in to the brake chamber
...

1
...
Exhaust 3
...

During return stroke the exhaust passage opens while intake closes and used
air goes to the atmosphere
...


Advantages:
1
...


26

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
It simplifies the chassis design
3
...

Disadvantage:
If there is any leakage in passage the entire system will be fail
...


Chapter 3

BRAKING SYSTEM

Short Answer Questions:
1
...

3
...

5
...
What are the types of mechanical brakes explain any one of them?
2
...
Explain the Construction and working of Air brakes?

27

28

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
The
assembly of parts, which perform the isolation of parts from the road shocks,
may be in the forms of bounce, pitch and roll is called suspension system
...
It prevents the vehicle body and frame from road shocks
...
It gives stability of the vehicle
...
It safeguards the passengers and goods from road shocks
...
It gives the good road holding while driving, cornering and braking
...
It gives cushioning effect
...
It provides comfort
...
There should be minimum deflection
...
It should be of low initial cost
...
It should be of minimum weight
...
It should have low maintenance and low operating cost
...
It should have minimum tyre wear
...
It eliminates wheel
wobbling
...
It provides softer suspension
...
It reduces wheel wobbling
3
...
It provides more space for engine accommodation
...
It promotes under steer which results low un sprung weight
...
The movement of the spring on one wheel is not transmitted to
the other wheel
...


Chapter 4

SUSPENSION SYSTEM

29

Un sprung weight: It is the weight of all the parts between the spring and rod
and the portion of spring weight it self
...
Bouncing: The vertical movement of the complete body
...
Pitching: The rotating movement of all the parts between the spring
and road and the portion of spring weight itself
...
Rolling: The movement about longitudinal axis produced by the
centrifugal force during cornering
...
Wish bone Type
2
...
Trailing Link Type
Wish bone Type of Front Independent suspension system:
In this type of suspension system coil springs are mostly used between
the two suspension arms and are controlled with frame and at the open ends
of the upper and lower wishbones which are connected to the chassis frame
...
This keeps the wheel track constant
...
A coil spring is placed in between the lower
suspension arm and frame
...
Steel Springs :

a
...
Coil Springs
c
...
Rubber Springs:

a
...
Progressive Springs

3
...
Air Springs:

a
...
Pestoon Type

5
...
doc

Chapter 4

Leaf springs are formed by bending
...
Each strip is named as Leaf
...
One end is fixed to the chassis frame, the
other end is fixed to the shackle spring
...
This change in length of spring
is compensated by the shackle
...
The bronze or rubber bushes are provided
on both eyes on the master leaf
...

2
...

4
...


Full – elliptic type
Semi – elliptic type
Three Quarter – elliptic type
Transverse Spring type
Helper Spring type

1
...
The
lubrication and wear frequently which are on of the main draw back of
this type of springs
...
Semi – elliptic :

This type is more popular for rear suspension are used in 75% of cars
...
Three – Quarter – elliptic type:
This type is rarely used in now-a-days
...

4
...
The transverse spring for front axle as shown in figure,

Chapter 4

SUSPENSION SYSTEM

31

which is bolted rigidly to the frame at the center and attached to the axle by
means of shackle at both ends
...
Helper Springs:
The helper springs are used in heavy vehicles for rear suspension
...
When the load of the vehicle is less the
helper spring will not act and the main spring only absorb the road shocks
...

Therefore, the springing device must be compromise flexibility and stiffness a
shock absorber needed in Automobile Suspension system
...
Mechanical
...
Hydraulic –

a
...
Piston – i )Single Acting ii)
...
Telescopic type
Construction and Working of Single acting Telescopic hydraulic shock
absorbers:

32

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
The space between outer and inner
tube is called reservoir
...
A piston slides
inside the cylinder and screwed to the piston rod at which its upper end of
chassis eye, it is attached to the frame of the vehicle
...
A piston rod gland packing prevent the leakage, when the
piston passes through the head and any fluid is trapped by it is supplied to
the reservoir through drain hole
...
Top side of the bottom side fluid through the outer ring of
the piston by lifting the non return valve
...
Fluid will
also displaced through the inner ring of holes of non return valve of foot
valve, and the level at the fluid will raise in the reservoir
...

For downward motion of the cylinder the fluid will be displaced form
the upper end of the piston
...
The fluid will also be draw in the lower end of
the cylinder from the reservoir to the outer ring of hole of non return valve of
the foot valve
...
It
reduces tendency of the vehicle to roll on either side when taking a turn
...
It is supported in bush bearings
fixed the frame and is parallel to cross member
...
When only one wheel deflects, then only one end of the stabilizer
moves, thus it acts as a spring between two sides of the independent front
suspension
...
It is a
rod acting in torsion and taking shear stresses only
...
This bar stores amount of energy nearly as same as
coil spring
...
The other end of the
wheel arm connected to the wheel hub
...


34

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

2
...

4
...


Explain the functions of suspension system?
List out the requirements of suspension system?
What are the types of suspension springs?
what are the basis suspension movements?
Explain about sprung weight and un sprung weight?

Long Answer Questions
1
...
What are the types of leaf spring used in automobiles and explain with
neat sketches?
3
...
Explain briefly about following contents:
a
...
Torsion bar

Chapter 5

SEAT DOOR AND WINDOW MECHANISM OF CAR BODY

35

CHAPTER – V
SEAT DOOR AND WINDOW MECHANISM OF CAR BODY
Construction and working of door lock mechanism:
There are different methods to door lock or unlock mechanisms:
1
...
By pressing the unlock button inside the car
3
...
By pulling up the knob on the inside of the door
...
With a keyless – entry remote control
...
By a signal from a control center
...
But in more complicated
system having several ways to lock and unlock the doors, the body controller
decides when to do the unlocking
...

Besides locks it takes care of many little things that makes your car friendlier
e
...
, it make sure the interior lights stay on until the car is started, it beeps if
you leave your head lights on or leave the key in the ignition
...
, In power
locks, body controller monitors all the possible sources ‘lock’ or ‘unlock’
signals e
...
it monitors a door – mounted touch pad and unlock the doors
when the correct mode is entered, it monitors a radio frequency and unlocks
the doors when it receives the connect digital code from the radio transmitter
in the key fob and also monitor the switches inside the car
...

The detailed power lock mechanism, in the door the actuator is
portioned bellow the latch
...
When the actuator moves the latch up, it connects the outside
door handle to the opening mechanism
...
To unlock the door, the body controller supplies power to the doorlock actuator for a timed interval
...
It
consists of a small electric motor which turns a series of spur geans that
operate a rack
...

Construction and Working of Manual Window Regulating Mechanism:

36

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
When the handle is turning one direction, the toothed quadrant
which in turn moves the window carnivore
...

Construction and Working of Seat Adjusting Mechanism:
It is different form from the passenger seat
...
This type of seat is adjustable towards or away from the
steering wheel or control pedals in order to suit driver’s varying lengths of the
legs
...
Frame is fixed with bolts
to slide on a rails squire to the floor
...
This engages with slide catch for seat position adjustment
...
The lever is left free
after the adjustment of seat
...
What re the different methods of door lock/unlock mechanism?
Long Answer Questions
1
...
Write the construction and working of Manual Window regulating
mechanism with neat sketch?
3
...
Explain the construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism?

38

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
To
maintain human comfort and improve internal atmosphere in an enclosed
space, proper control of freshness temperature, humidity and cleanliness of
air is required
...

Construction and working of Passenger car Air – Conditioning:

The main components of Auto Air- Condition are:
1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...
A magnetic clutch engages the compressor shaft
...
When the voltage is

Chapter 6

Air Conditioning of Motor Vehicle

39

interrupted the pulley, disengages automatically, causes compressor to stop
...
In the compressor the refrigerant never
reaches its liquid state
...
This clutch is
engaged or disengaged depending upon the temperature of the air
...
The compressor cannot be operated
...

Condenser: It is usually placed in front of the car and it is looks like a Fin-andtube radiator
...
The
refrigerant now in the form of high pressure liquid which is fed in to the
receiver drier Unit
...
The drier removes any traces of moisture present in the system to avoid
freezing of moisture at low temperature and thus clogging the lines
...

Expansion Valve: In the expansion valve high pressure liquid is converted into
low pressure liquid then the refinement flow in to the evaporator
Evaporator: The evaporator unit where the cooling effect is obtained is
usually located inside the passenger compartment bellow the dash board
...
The heat picked by the refrigerant goes back to
the compressor in the vapour form, where the refrigerant is again
compressed to a high pressure and the cycle starts again
...


40

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
What is the necessity of automobile air-conditioning?
Long Answer Questions:
1
...
For this
reason the painting should be done
...
It reduces the corrosion and protect the vehicle
body
...
It is used for cleanliness
...
It is used for esthetic appearance
...
It is used to reduce the friction due to the
aerodynamic drag and allow the vehicle in stream
lining
...
It is used for identification purpose
...
It should be anticorrosive nature
...
It should protect the hidden parts also from the corrosion
...
It should have esthetic appearance
...
It should be smooth finish for stream lining
...
It must reduce the aerodynamic drag
...
Pigments
2
...
Thinners
4
...
Plasticizers
6
...

Reason for failures of paints:
1
...
Not covering dents or spots
...
Not using of proper good quality paint
4
...
doc

Chapter 7

1
...
Hand paint
Spray Painting procedure: Now-a-days spray paintings are largely use
...
First of all the old paint should be scrapped with the help of scrappers
2
...
The removal of old paint must be by application of caustic soda solution
and
spirit solutions
...
In some portions heating is necessary with the help of blow lamp for
removal of old
paint
...
The surface should be cleaned from dirt, dust, rust, grease etc
...
The surface should maintain perfect level from any kind of bends
...
Then once again clean with red oxide
...
After wards duco paints or delux paints or required colour may be sprayed
on the vehicle as the primary coating
...
After first coating is over we must see the variations of the surface clearly
and apply second coating and it will finish the painting job and gives
beautiful appearance
...
Then decoration and letter writing finishes the body paint
...
Finally polish the vehicle thoroughly
...
What are the functions of painting in Automobile body?
2
...
What are the main constituents of paints?
4
...
What are the different types of painting methods and explain the
procedure of spray painting?

43

44

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

on one hand and 60% of air pollution are due to automobile exhaust emission
in other hand
...
C Engine exhaust contains several pollutants in the form
of oxides of Nitrogen (Nox) which are toxic and facing severe criticism
...

Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human beings:
The Oxides of Nitrogen together with hydro carbons react in the presence of
sunlight and form
Polto chemical smog
...

It Causes eyes irritation, objectionable odour
...

The soot particles in the exhaust gases settle down on buildings and trees if
may thus spoils appearance of buildings in the long run
...

Types of Automobile emissions:
The vehicle emissions contains following types of pollutants
Exhaust emissions
Carbon Monoxide
Un burnt hydro carbons
Oxides of Nitrogen
Lead oxides
Sulphur dioxide
Smoke
Evaporative Emissions
Carburettor
fuel tank
petrol bunks
Crank case blow by from the crank case hydro carbons are emitted

Chapter 8

Automobile Pollution

45

Measurement of Percentage of Pollutions from petrol and Diesel Vehicles with
the help of exhaust gas analyzers
By using exhaust gas analyzer the measurement of percentage of
following pollutants from petrol and Diesel Vehicles
Pollut
ant
Consti
tuents
Carbo
n
Mono
xide%
Hydro
Carbo
ns %
Oxide
s of
Nitrog
en
PPM
Aldeh
ydes
PPM

Petrol
Engin
e

Diesel
Engin
e

9
...
9

2
...
9

-

0
...
53

0
...
1

1
...
04


...
01

0
...
03

30

1
...
5

240

30

30

30

10

290

10

20

10

30

Treatment of Exhaust gases by using catalytic converter
Fig Flow of gas through catalytic converter
The exhaust gases from the engine are passed through CATALYTIC
CONVENTER as shown in fig
...
It is placed between the
exhaust manifold and silencer in the exhaust system of a vehicle
...
Which is
coated with aluminum base material and there after a second coat of
precious metals platinum, palladium or rhodium or combination of the same
...
A catalyst is a substance which
causes a chemical reaction that normally does not happen in to the given
conditions
...
doc

Chapter 8

converter substance, toxic gases such as co, the and NOX are converted in
to harmless CO2,H2 and N2
...


Chapter 8

Automobile Pollution

47

Short answer Questions:
What are the effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings ?
What are the types of Automobile emissions?
Long answer Questions:
Explain the treatment of Exhaust gases by using catalytic converters with a
neat SKETCH?

48

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...
It was framed in 1939 and amended time to time according
to the requirements and necessities of roads and vehicles
...

The 10 Chapters as follows:
Chapter I – Preliminary Section 1-2
...

Third Schedule
- Test of competence to drive
Fourth schedule - Authorities entitled to grant Licenses to drive and to
register the
motor vehicles, the temporary or time
being under the exclusive control of the central
Government and Registration makes for such vehicles
...
When about to turn to the Right or to drive to the Right hand side of the
road in order to pas another vehicle or for any other purpose, a driver shall
extend his right arm in a horizontal position outside of and to the right of his
vehicle with the palm of the hand turned to the front
...
When about to turn to the left of to drive the left hand side of the road, a
driver shall extend his right arm and rotate in an anti-clockwise direction
...
When about to slow down, a driver shall extend his Right arm with the
palm downwards and to the right of the vehicle and shall move the arm so
extended up and down several times in such a manner that the signal can
be seen by the driver of any vehicle which may be behind him
...
When about to stop, a driver shall rise his right Forearm vertically outside
and to the right of the vehicle, palm to the front
...
When a driver wishes to indicate to the driver of a vehicle behind him that
he desires that driver to overtake him, he shall extend his right arm and hand
horizontally outside of and to the right of the vehicle and small swing arm
backwards and forwards in a semi- circular motion
...


50

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

1
...

Provided that where a motor vehicle is jointly owned by more persons
than one, the application shall be made by one of them behalf of all the
owners and such applicant shall be deemed to be the owner of the motor
vehicle for the purposes of this Act
...
The Registration authority shall issue to the owner of a motor vehicle
registered by it a certificate of registration in Form-‘G’ as set forth in the First
Schedule and shall enter in a record to be kept by particulars of such
certificate
...
The registration authority shall assign to the vehicle, for display there on in
the prescribe manner, a distinguishing mark (in the Act referred to as the
registration mark)
consisting of one of the groups or letters allotted to the state by the sixth
schedule followed by a number containing not more than four figures
Necessity of Permits for Commercial Vehicles: According to Chapter IV
section 42
1
...

Provided that a stage carriage permit shall subject to any conditions that
may be specified in the permit, authorize the use of the vehicle as a contract
carriage
...

2
...

a
...

b
...

c
...

INSURANCE COVERAGE: Chapter VIII section 93 and 94
a
...
“Certificate of Insurance” means a certificate issued by the authorized
insurer in persuade of sub – section(4) of section 95 and includes a cover note
complying with such requirement as may be prescribed, and where more
than one certificate has been issued in connection with a policy, or where a
copy, as the case may be;
c
...

d
...
“Third Party” includes the government
...
doc

Chapter 9

Necessary for insurance against third party risk:
1
...

Explanation: A Person driving motor vehicle merely as a paid employee,
which there is in force in relation to the use of the vehicle no such policy as is
required by this sub section, shall not be deemed to act in contravention of
the sub section unless he knows or has reason to believe that there is no such
policy in force
...


sub section (1) shall not apply to any vehicle owned by the
central government of a state government and use for
Government purpose un connected with any commercial
enterprises
...

The appropriate Government may be order exempt from the
operation of subs section (1)
any vehicle owned by any of the following authorities namely
...


(b)

any local authority

(c)

any state Transport undertaking within the meaning of
section 68 – A

Provided that no such order shall be made in relation to any such authority
unless a found have been established and is maintained by the authority in
accordance with rules made in that behalf under this act for meeting any
liability arising out of the use of any vehicle of that authority which that
authority of any person in its employment may incur to third parties
...


Chapter 9
(ii)
(iii)

Legal Aspects of Motor Vehicle

53

In relation to any corporation of company owned by the Central
Government an one or more State Government means the Central
Government
In relation to any other State Transport undertaking or any local
authority means the Government which has control over the under
taking or authority
...

Section 4: No person under the age or eighteen years shall drive a motor
vehicle in any public place
...


No holder of driving license shall permit it to be used by any other

Section 7

Grant of Driving License

(i) Any person who is not disqualified under section 4 for driving
a motor vehicle and who is not for the time being disqualified for holding or
obtaining a driving License may apply to licensing authority have jurisdiction
in the area
...


In which be ordinarily resides or caries on business
In which the school or establishment where he is reaching
or has received instruction in a driving a motor vehicle is
situated or
It the application is for a driving license to drive a paid
employee in which the employer resides or caries on
business for the issue to him a driving license
...
Shall be signed by or bear the thumb impression of

54

3

4

5

6

7

8

Automobile Chassis And Body Engineering
...

When the application is for a driving license to drive a paid employee
or to drive a transport vehicle, or where in any other case the licensing
authority for reason to be stopped in writing so requires certificate in
Form ‘C’ as set forth in the First Schedule signed by a registered
medical Practitioner
...

If, form the application or from the medical certificate referred to in sub
section 3, it appears that the applicant is suffering from any disease or
disability specified in the second Schedule or any other disease or
disability which is likely to cause the driving by him of a motor vehicle of
the class which he would be authorized by the driving license applied
for to drive to be source of danger to the public or passengers the
licensing authority shall refuse to issue the driving license
...

The test of competence to drive shall be carried out in a vehicle of the
type to which the application returns, and for the purposes of part I of
the test
...

(b)
A Person who passes the test in driving a medium motor vehicle
shall be deemed also to
have passed the test in driving any light motor vehicles
...
Specific the licensing authority shall grant the
applicant a driving is disqualified under section 4 for driving a motor
vehicle or is for the time being disqualified for holding or obtaining a
driving license
...

2
...

4
...


What are the different traffic signals and signals?
What are the requirements for registration?
What are the necessity permits for commercial Vehicles ?
Explain about insurance coverage for a License?
What are the procedure for obtaining driving License?

55


Title: Automobile Chasis
Description: Automobile Chasis