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Title: IB Biology SL Unit 5 notes
Description: Detailed revision notes (covering everything you need to know for the syllabus) for SL IB Biology students for Unit 5 from the new syllabus (first examination in 2016)
Description: Detailed revision notes (covering everything you need to know for the syllabus) for SL IB Biology students for Unit 5 from the new syllabus (first examination in 2016)
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5
...
U1
Evolution occurs when
heritable
characteristics of a
species change
...
1
...
Evolution occurs by the mechanism of natural selection (see topic 5
...
There are gaps in the fossil record due to:
● Special circumstances are required for fossilization to occur
● Only hard parts of an organism are preserved
● Fossils can be damaged so that only fragments remain to be
discovered
Further evidence:
● Fossils have been discovered of many types of organism that no
longer exist, e
...
trilobites and dinosaurs
...
● → the ancestral species evolved into the modern species
Transitional fossils show the links between groups or species by exhibits
traits common to both the ancestral group/species and its derived
descendant group/species
...
1
...
Selective breeding (artificial selection) the process by which humans
breed animals and plants for particular traits
Examples:
● Breeding dogs for herding, e
...
sheepdogs or racing, e
...
greyhounds
● Cows are bred for milk yield or meat
● Crops have been bred for increased yield and/or disease
resistance
5
...
U4
Evolution of
homologous structures
comparative anatomy
of groups of animals or plants shows certain
by adaptive radiation
explains similarities in
structure when there
are differences in
function
...
1
...
homologous structures
those that are similar in shape in different types
of organisms
The structural similarities imply a common ancestry
This illustrates
adaptive radiation
(now homologous characteristics have
previously adapted to their different niches) since the basic structure
adapted to different niches
The more exclusive the shared homologies the closer two organisms are
related
...
The
pentadactyl limb
in vertebrates is an example of a homologous
structure
...
● dolphin fin for swimming
● bat wing for flying
● monkey hand for grasping
● horse hoof for galloping
Despite the obvious differences all the organisms share the same bones
...
5
...
U5
Populations of a
species can gradually
diverge into separate
species by evolution
...
g
...
g
...
Then it is very likely the
population will experience different ecological conditions
...
will likely diverge as the result of natural
selection
...
For this Darwin famously used the example of the finches on the
Galapagos islands
...
1
...
Populations will gradually diverge over time and it is natural to see
continuous variation across a geographical range
...
5
...
A1
Development of
melanistic insects in
polluted areas
...
The moths fly at night to try to find a mate, but, during the day they rest on
the branches of trees
...
Result: the dark moths are well camouflaged from birds against dark tree
branches are many survive to reproduce, but light coloured moths are
easily found and predated by birds, few survive to reproduce
...
The birds on Galapagos island and the American mainland have been
classified together sometimes as Lagopus lagopus and sometimes
separately
...
2
...
The implication of variation is that some individuals will be more suited to
particular conditions and hence more likely to survive
...
2
...
5
...
U3
Adaptations are
characteristics that
make an individual
suited to its
environment and way
of life
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
Individuals that are
better adapted tend to
survive and produce
more offspring while
the less well adapted
tend to die or produce
fewer offspring
...
[Students
should be clear that
characteristics
acquired during the
lifetime of an individual
are not heritable
...
]
Natural selection
increases the
frequency of
characteristics that
make individuals better
adapted and
decreases the
frequency of other
Alleles that encode for well adapted characteristics increase in frequency
whilst those that encode for ill adapted characteristics decrease
...
5
...
A2
Evolution of antibiotic
resistance in bacteria
...
2
...
Beak shape and size in Geospiza fortis
Variation: there is a different in the size and shape of beaks
● endemic to the Galapagos Islands
● habitats are arid lowland forests and shrubland
...
1st Environmental change:
drought (La Niña) conditions were experienced on Daphne Major as a
consequence there was a shortage in smaller sized seeds
Result:
● the population of finches declined dramatically
● The mean beak size of surviving finches was higher than before
the drought
● The mean beak size remained high in successive generations
2nd Environmental change:
1983 heavy and frequent rains (El Niño event) were experienced on
Daphne Major as a consequence there was an abundance of smaller sized
seeds
Result:
Over successive generations the mean beak size decreased
5
...
U1
The binomial system of
names for species is
universal among
biologists and has
been agreed and
developed at a series
of congresses
...
3
...
5
...
U7
Taxonomists
sometimes reclassify
groups of species
when new evidence
shows that a previous
taxon contains species
that have evolved from
different ancestral
species
...
international efforts to maintain consistent naming conventions and use of
taxon (domain, kingdom, bla bla)
...
Previously in the second half of the 20th century all living organisms were
classified into five kingdoms
...
5
...
U4
All organisms are
classified into three
domains
...
The Prokaryotae are now divided into two domains, the Bacteria and the
Archaea
eukaryote should be
used for the three
domains
...
Viruses are not
classified as living
organisms
...
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
Histones
associated with
DNA
Proteins similar
to histones
associated with
DNA
Absent
Present
Cell membrane
differences
Glycerolester
lipids;
unbranched
side chains,
lfrom of
glycerol
Glycerolester
lipids;
unbranched
side chains,
dfrom of
glycerol
Glycerolester
lipids;
unbranched
side chains,
dfrom of
glycerol
Cell walls
Made of
chemical called
peptidoglycan
Not always
present
Other features
No nuclear
membrane
RNA and
biochemistry
distinct from
bacteria
No nuclear
membrane
nuclear
membrane
Examples
Sulfolobus sp
...
Are
photosynthetic
Rhizobium sp
...
Examples
range from
algae to
Humans
...
3
...
3
...
The principal taxa for
classifying eukaryotes
are kingdom, phylum,
class, order, family,
genus and species
...
3
...
Animals humans, Plants meadow buttercap
5
...
A2
Recognition features of
bryophyta,
filicinophyta,
coniferophyta and
angiospermophyta
...
]
5
...
A4
Recognition of features
of birds, mammals,
amphibians, reptiles
and fish
...
3
...
[Recognition
features expected for
the selected animal
phyla are those that
are most useful in
distinguishing the
groups from each
other and full
descriptions of the
characteristics of each
phylum are not
needed
...
3
...
5
...
U6
In a natural
classification, the
genus and
accompanying higher
taxa consist of all the
species that have
evolved from one
common ancestral
species
...
This is called the Darwinian principle of
common descent
Grouping together birds, bats and bees because they fly would be an
artificial classification as they do not share a common ancestor and
evolved the ability to fly independently
...
It is now known that
this is an artificial grouping as their cell walls have a different molecular
biology and they evolved separately
...
3
...
Dichotomous keys can be used to help identify the species
...
To what level of classification a specimen
can be placed depends on how unique it is
...
4
...
A cladogram
a tree diagram showing the similarities and differences
between different species
Nodes denote a speciation event when a common ancestor splits into two,
or more, species
...
5
...
U1
A clade is a group of
organisms that have
evolved from a
common ancestor
...
Clades
groups of organisms derived from a common ancestor
Not all members of a clade may exist today, e
...
dinosaurs
Common ancestors often do not exist, as they have evolved into modern
species or have become extinct
...
4
...
The DNA evidence used to build
this cladogram of primates,
including humans
...
Closest to humans
chimpanzees and bonobos
Primates
order of mammals
that have adaptations for
climbing trees
Humans, monkeys, baboons
are primates
Cladistics
construction of
cladograms and identification of
clades
5
...
U2
Evidence for which
species are part of a
clade can be obtained
from the base
sequences of a gene
or the corresponding
Mutations in DNA that persist and are inherited (in species that reproduce
sexually for mutations to be inherited they must occur during the creation of
sex cells
...
The sample size is large enough to estimate
a mean rate of mutation
...
4
...
The rate at which mutations occur at can be used as a molecular clock to
calculate how long ago species diverged
...
5
...
U4
Traits can be
analogous or
homologous
...
4
...
4
...
Reclassification of the
figwort family using
evidence from
cladistics
DNA evidence identified the different common ancestors
DNA evidence has cast doubt on some traditionally classified groups, but
equally it has given support to others
...
The similarities among the members of the old Scrophulariaceae family
(from Angiosperms phylum) were superficial
...
Different plant
species adapted to similar pollinators and adopted similar seed dispersal
strategies
...
It was found that species in the
figwort family weren’t a true clade and that 5 clades had been incorrectly
combined into 1 family
...
4
...
Sequence differences
accumulate gradually
so there is a positive
correlation between
the number of
differences between
two species and the
time since they
diverged from a
common ancestor
...
Title: IB Biology SL Unit 5 notes
Description: Detailed revision notes (covering everything you need to know for the syllabus) for SL IB Biology students for Unit 5 from the new syllabus (first examination in 2016)
Description: Detailed revision notes (covering everything you need to know for the syllabus) for SL IB Biology students for Unit 5 from the new syllabus (first examination in 2016)