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"Animal Behavior" redirects here
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For the band
Praxis' single, see Transmutation (Mutatis Mutandis)
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A range of animal behaviours

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour
under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait
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[2] Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal
behaviour throughout history
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Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig
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[3] Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong
relation to some other disciplines such as neuroanatomy, ecology, andevolutionary biology
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Ethology is a rapidly growing field
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New fields, such
as neuroethology, have developed
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Considering the
natural behaviours of different species or breeds enables the trainer to select the individuals best
suited to perform the required task
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[4]
Contents
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1Etymology
2Relationship with comparative psychology
3History
o 3
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2Theory of evolution by natural selection and the beginnings of ethology
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4Growth of the field
4Instinct
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1Habituation
o 5
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3Imprinting
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5Teaching
6Mating and the fight for supremacy
7Living in groups
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2Group size
8Tinbergen's four questions for ethologists
9List of ethologists
10Gallery of videos
11See also
12References
13Further reading
14External links

Etymology[edit]
The term ethology derives from the Greek language: ἦθος, ethos meaning "character" and -λογία, logia meaning "the study of"
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[5] An earlier, slightly different sense of the term
was proposed by John Stuart Mill in his 1843 System of Logic
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This use of the word was never
adopted
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Historically, where comparative psychology
has included research on animal behaviour in the context of what is known about human
psychology, ethology involves research on animal behaviour in the context of what is known about
animal anatomy, physiology, neurobiology, and phylogenetic history
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The two approaches are complementary rather than competitive, but they do result in different
perspectives, and occasionally conflicts of opinion about matters of substance
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From a practical standpoint, early comparative psychologists
concentrated on gaining extensive knowledge of the behaviour of very few species
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Ethologists have made much more use of such crossspecies comparisons than comparative psychologists have
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)

See also: Great Chain of Being
Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala
naturae, proposed by Aristotle
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In the Western world of the time, people believed animal species were eternal and
immutable, created with a specific purpose, as this seemed the only possible explanation for the
incredible variety of living beings and their surprising adaptation to their habitats
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His theory substantially comprised two statements: first, that animal organs and behaviour
can change according to the way they are used; and second, that those characteristics can transmit
from one generation to the next (the example of the giraffe whose neck becomes longer while trying
to reach the upper leaves of a tree is well-known)
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When Charles Darwin went
to the Galapagos Islands, he was well aware of Lamarck's theories and was influenced by them
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In one sense, the first modern ethologist wasCharles Darwin, whose book The Expression
of the Emotions in Man and Animals influenced many ethologists
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Other early ethologists, such as Charles O
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Their beginning for studying the
behaviour of a new species was to construct an ethogram (a description of the main types of
behaviour with their frequencies of occurrence)
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Social ethology and recent developments[edit]
In 1970, the English ethologist John H
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Also in 1970, Robert Ardrey's book The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary
Sources of Order and Disorder was published
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E
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Wilson's book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis appeared in 1975, and since that time, the
study of behaviour has been much more concerned with social aspects
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The related development of behavioural ecology has also helped transform ethology
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Growth of the field[edit]
Due to the work of Lorenz and Tinbergen, ethology developed strongly in continental Europe during
the years prior to World War II
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[8] In this period, too, ethology began to develop strongly inNorth
America
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[9]
Ethology is now a well-recognised scientific discipline, and has a number of journals covering
developments in the subject, such as Animal Behaviour, Animal Welfare, Applied Animal Behaviour
Science, Behaviour, Behavioral Ecology and Journal of Ethology
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In 2008, in a paper published in the journal Behaviour,
ethologist Peter Verbeek introduced the term "Peace Ethology" as a sub-discipline of Human
Ethology that is concerned with issues of human conflict, conflict resolution, reconciliation, war,
peacemaking, and peacekeeping behaviour
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