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Fungi
Kingdom Fungi: mostly multicellular, but some unicellular eukaryotic species,
heterotrophic, saprophytic organisms that feed by extracellular enzymatic digestion, cell
walls made of chitin, reproduce via spores…(e
...
mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts,
mildews, and molds)
Study of fungi = Mycology
First appeared ≈ 460 mya
...
Others are large multicellular structures (e
...
mushrooms)
...

Hyphae divide at the tip, increasing the size of the mycelium
...

May be dimorphic - exist in one of two forms depending on environmental conditions
...
May reproduce
sexually when fungi of differing types encounter, hyphae fuse and produce genetically
different spores
...

Most reproduction is asexual
...
Septate hyphae may break
and release individual cells- known as fragmentation
...
Names of spores and structures
is dependent on type of fungi…
Phylum Zygomycota (e
...
Rhizopus - the bread mold
...
Found terrestrially in organically rich soil
...
Hyphae that grow across the surface of the bread are stolons
...
The zygosporangium forms a thick outer wall and goes dormant until
favorable environmental conditions support germination to form a sporangium which
undergoes meiosis to produce spores that are released into the environment
...
g
...
During sexual reproduction, basidiomycetes produce haploid dikaryotic basidia
(club-like structures) on the gills of the basiocarp (the mushroom - stem + cap)
...
When a mycelium of opposite
mating types encounter one another, they fuse their hyphae to form a basidiocarp that
emerges from the ground
...
g
...
Have sac-like structures where sexually produced
spores develop
...
The male nuclei leave the antheridium and enter the ascogonium via
the tube, forming dikaryotic hypahe that grow out of the ascogonium and intertwine with
the monokaryotic hyphae of the ‘parent’ fungi forming a cup-like ascocarp
...
The zygote undergoes meiosis twice to form eight haploid
nuclei that develop walls and become ascospores
...


Phylum Deuteromycota (e
...
athlete’s foot, mold in blue cheese & penicillium): about
600 terrestrial species with coenocytic hyphae that do not have a sexual reproductive
stage
...
Produce conidia (spore-producing structure) that produce haploid
conidiophores
...
Found
in more than 80% of all vascular plants
...
),
and increases root surface area
...


Lichens- symbiotic relationship between a fungus and some photosynthetic organism
(algae or cyanobacterium)
...
Photoautotroph provides sugars for
fungus and fungus provides moisture, shelter and anchorage for photoautotroph
...

Classified by distribution and structure…
Crustose: grow as layer on rocks
Fruiticose: shrub-like
Foliose: mat-like growths on flat surfaces
...
E
...
Ringworm and athlete’s foot
...
Black mold growing on windowsills in northern states may causes Histoplasma
capsulatum via inhalation of airborne conidia, with symptoms of coughing, sinus
infections, fever, headaches, and chest pains
...
Cortizone is made from Rhizopus
...
Fungi is used to
ferment rice to make saki
...

Only eat fungi that you know are safe to eat (mushrooms in the store like button, shitake,
oyster and Portobello mushrooms, morels, truffles, yeast)
...
The fungus is an Armillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom) and it
covers 10 square kilometers or about 1,600 football fields
...
The fungus is estimated
to be up to 8,500 years old

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