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Title: evolution
Description: The theory of special creation or divine intervention,all you can get here in typed format,well coloured diagrams...
Description: The theory of special creation or divine intervention,all you can get here in typed format,well coloured diagrams...
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Evolution
Origin of Life
Year
Scientist
Theory/Experiment
Conclusion
1927
Lemaitre
Big Bang theory
The universe
expanded from
explosion of a
primordial, hot
substance
...
1952
Stanley
Synthesis of biomolecules by
Amino acids were
Miller and
creation of similar conditions
synthesised from
Urey
as primitive atmosphere on
ammonia, oxygen,
laboratory scale
and carbon dioxide
inside specialised
apparatus
...
4, 3, 2,
● Urey and Miller took the same compounds in a closed flask along with
º
water vapour at 800
C and created an electric discharge
...
was observed in the flask
...
● He made observations on his seatrip around the world aboard H
...
S
...
● The evolution of life forms has been gradual and those life forms
better fit in environments that leave more progeny
...
● Alfred Wallace working in the Malay Archepelago also came to the
same conclusion
...
Different aged rock sediments contain
fossils of different lifeforms, which probably died during the formation
of the particular sediment
...
Some of the examples of comparative
anatomy and morphology are:
● Homologous organs
− All mammals share the same pattern of
forelimbs
...
This is called
divergent evolution
and the
structures are called homologous structures (common ancestors)
...
g
...
This is called
convergent evolution
...
However, after industrialisation, there were
more of dark melanised moths
...
● Similarly, the herbicide and pesticide resistant plants and animals and
antibiotic resistant bacteria are some of the evidences that point
towards evolution
...
● They varied from normal seed eating varieties to those that ate
insects
...
● The other example for this is the evolution of the Australian marsupials
from a single ancestor
...
Example: placental wolf and the
Tasmanian wolf
● When more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated
geographical area, the phenomenon is called convergent evolution
...
● The number of life forms depends upon their ability to multiply and
their life span
...
● Branching descent
and
natural selection
are the two important
concepts of Darwin’s theory of evolution
...
For example,
giraffe have developed long necks as a result of attempts to eat leaves
high up on trees
...
Hence, the population’s
characteristics change, giving rise to the evolution of new life forms
...
● Mendel mentioned about inheritable factors, which influenced the
phenotype of an organism
...
● Mutations are random and directionless while the variations that
Darwin talked about were small and directional
...
HardyWeinberg Principle
● The frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene in a population
remains constant through generations unless disturbances such as
mutations, nonrandom mating, etc
...
● Genetic equilibrium (gene pool remains constant) is a state which
provides a baseline to measure genetic change
...
● Individual frequencies are represented as p and q such as in a diploid,
where p and q represent the frequency of allele and
A
a
...
2
2
2
● Hence, p
+ 2pq + q
= 1, which is the expansion of (p + q)
...
● HardyWeinberg equilibrium is affected by
● gene flow or gene migration
● genetic drift (changes occurring by chance)
● mutation
● genetic recombination
● natural selection
● Sometimes, the change in allele frequency is so prominent in the new
sample of population that they become a different species and the
original drifted population becomes the founder
...
● The advantageous mutations that help in natural selection over the
generations give rise to new phenotypes and result in speciation
...
● Some of these cells had the ability to produce oxygen through
reactions similar to photosynthesis
...
● Seaweeds and some plants probably existed around 320 million years
ago
...
The first of them to
evolve were invertebrates
...
● Some of the fishes could go on land, and then come back to water
...
In 1938, a fish Coelacanth, which
was thought to be extinct, was caught in South Africa
...
● Amphibians evolved into reptiles
...
However, about 65
million years ago, some of them such as dinosaurs disappeared
...
● During continental drift when North America joined South America,
primitive mammals suffered, but pouched mammals of Australia
survived the same drift because of lack of competition from other
mammals
...
5 million
Homo erectus
Brain capacity of about 900
years ago
1,000 − 40,
cc; were meat eaters
Neanderthal man
Brain capacity of 1400 cc;
000 years
used hides
ago
75, 000 −
Homo sapiens
10, 000
years ago
When we compare the skulls of an adult human being, baby chimpanzee,
and adult chimpanzee, we observe that skull of baby chimpanzee resembles
human being more as compared to adult chimpanzee
Title: evolution
Description: The theory of special creation or divine intervention,all you can get here in typed format,well coloured diagrams...
Description: The theory of special creation or divine intervention,all you can get here in typed format,well coloured diagrams...