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Title: Microbes in human welfare
Description: Process of industrial and lab based production of beverages are given with illustrated diagrams...type format
Description: Process of industrial and lab based production of beverages are given with illustrated diagrams...type format
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Microbes in human welfare
Microbes Household and Industrial applications
Household Applications
●
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
○
Milk
Curd
○
LAB produces acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins
...
○
○
●
LAB enhances the nutritional value of milk by increasing Vitamin B
...
Fermentation
○
Dosaand idli dough is fermented by bacteria, which produces CO
gas
2
and gives it a puffedup appearance
...
‘Toddy’ (a traditional drink from South India made by fermenting sap from
palm trees)
●
Cheese making
○
The bacterium
Propionibacterium sharmanii
is used in ‘Swiss cheese’ to
give it its characteristic holes by producing large amount of carbon
dioxide
...
Industrial applications
●
For industrial purposes, microbes are grown in large vessels called
fermentors
...
●
Fermented beverages
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, also called brewer’s yeast, is used to prepare
wine, beer, whisky, brandy, rum, etc
...
●
If fermented broth is distilled, then brandy and rum are produced while wine
and beer are produced without distillation
...
○
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by certain microbes that
kill or retard the growth of other microbes (diseasecausing microbes)
...
○
Fleming discovered it by chance when he was working on the
bacterium
Staphylococcus
...
○
Later on, its use as an effective antibiotic was established by Chain
and Florey
...
cerevisiae
Ethanol
Bacterium
Streptokinase (used as a clot buster for
Streptococcus
removing clots from blood vessels of patients
with myocardial infarction)
Fungus
Trichoderma
Cyclosporin A (used as immunesuppressive
polysporum
agent in organ transplantation)
Yeast onascus
M
Statins (lower blood cholesterol levels)
purpureus
Microbes: Applications in Sewage Treatment and
Biogas Production
Microbes in Sewage Treatment
●
Sewage basically consists of human excreta
...
●
Sewage disposal is a huge problem
...
Hence, it has to be treated first in sewage treatment plants
(STPs)
...
●
Treatment of sewage includes two stages − primary treatment and
secondary treatment
...
○
Then, grit (soil + small pebbles) are removed by
sedimentation
...
○
●
Effluent is taken for secondary treatment
...
○
Naturally, if organic matter decreases
→ BOD decreases
→ Pollution
decreases
●
What is a floc?
Floc = Bacteria + Fungal filaments (in a meshlike structure)
○
When BOD and hence pollution is reduced, effluent is passed into a
settling tank
...
○
In anaerobic sludge digesters, anaerobic bacteria act on the activated
sludge to produce biogas (CH
, CO 2
, H
S)
...
○
Microbial technology for sewage treatment is so effective that no
human technology has been able to beat it till date
...
●
The type of gas produced depends upon the substrate they grow on and the
type of microbe
...
Such
2
2
bacteria are called methanogens
...
In the rumen of cattle, these bacteria
help in cellulose digestion
...
Biogas is also
called
gobar gas
...
It is a 10 − 15 feet deep
tank
...
○
Pipe − It supplies the biogas to nearby houses
...
●
Biogas plant is usually set up in rural areas since cow dung is available in
abundance there
...
●
Biogas technology in India is due to the efforts of:
○
IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute)
○
KVCI (Khadi and Village Industries Commission)
Microbes: Bio control Agents and Biofertilizers
Microbes as Bio control Agents
●
Chemical insecticides and pesticides are harmful as:
○
They kill the useful and harmful life forms indiscriminately
...
○
If all insects of a particular species are killed, then the natural
predatorprey relationship and food chains will get distorted
...
This requires
knowledge of the life forms (predator + prey) that inhabit a particular area,
their life cycles, and patterns of feeding and preferred habitats
...
●
Microbes can also act in the same manner
...
●
This bacterium is available in sachets as dried spores, which are sprayed on
the crops
...
●
By methods of genetic engineering, the genes of
B
...
●
●
Cotton plant with
Bt gene incorporated is called
Btcotton
...
●
Baculoviruses, particularly genus
Nucleopolyhedrovirus,
are also used as
narrow spectrum insecticidal agents
...
Microbes as biofertilizers
●
Chemical fertilizers contribute to the pollution
...
●
Many bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria act as biofertilizers
...
These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and enrich the nitrogen content of
soil
...
They absorb phosphorus and pass it to plants
...
also fix atmospheric nitrogen and act
as biofertilizers especially in paddy fields
Title: Microbes in human welfare
Description: Process of industrial and lab based production of beverages are given with illustrated diagrams...type format
Description: Process of industrial and lab based production of beverages are given with illustrated diagrams...type format