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Flower Structure
Flowering plants are diploid and the separate reproductive structures are both haploid,
because of the meiotic division that takes place within the reproductive tissues
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Each are unique,
and a comparably difference can be seen in them
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1
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3
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The outermost ring of the structure are the sepals
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The next layer of the structure are the petals
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The filament transports
nutrients to the anthers, necessary for the production of pollen grains
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In the centre, the female parts of the plant are found
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At the base of the Carpel, the Ovary is found which surrounds the ovules
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This is nutrient rich and ends
with a receptive surface, the stigma
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Pollination, Fertilisation and Germination
Pollination
Definition: Pollination
Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from the male anthers is transferred to female
parts of the same species
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Self-Pollination
Self pollination is when the pollen from the anthers of one flower needs to only be
transferred to stigma on the same flower or to another flower on the same plant
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In wind-pollinated flowers, the small, smooth light pollen easily gets carried in the wind
to the hanging feathery stigma, which has a large surface area
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The Pollen Grain has a thick outer exine wall and a thin intine
wall
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Pollen Grains have two nuclei, a tube nucleus and a generative nucleus
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After the Pollen Grain lands on the stigma receptive surface during pollination, the
pollen grain germinates to produce a pollen tube for the male gamete to travel
along
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The pollen tube grows down the style, secreting digestive enzymes to form a
pathway to the ovule
3
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The two haploid gametes from the generative
nucleus follow down the tube and double fertilisation occurs
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One male nucleus fuses with the female nucleus to form a zygote, and the other
fuses with both polar nuclei to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus
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1
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It
differentiates to become a plumule (young shoot), radicle (young root) and
either 1 or 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
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The primary endosperm nucleus divides many times by mitosis to
produce endosperm tissue
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In others it may gradually disappear as the cotyledons
develop
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The integuments surrounding the embryo sac become the tough and
protective Testa (seed coat)
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4
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5
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The function of the fruit is to protect the seeds and to aid in their
dispersal, e
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by an animal
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Temperature- the optimum temperature for germination is the same as the
optimum temperature for the enzymes required in the germination process
2
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Oxygen - respiration makes energy, in the form of ATP, available for metabolism and
growth



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