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Classifying Life’s Diversity - lesson 1

2

Biodiversity - lesson 3

3

Viruses - lesson 4

4

Bacteria and Archaea - Lesson 5

5

Quiz 2 review - lesson 4,5,6

7

Protists - Lesson 7

10

Fungi - lesson 8

11

Animals - lesson 9

14

Plants - lesson 10

17

Summary 8-10

18

Classifying Life’s Diversity - lesson 1
Why is this important?
- doctors need to correctly identify the infected organism before they can treat it
- edible and medicinal plants must be correctly identified before you use them
- standard system allows scientists to work in different countries

3 common concepts for defining species:
1
...


Biological Species Concept: behaviour and ability
advantage: widely used by scientists
disadvantage: not applied for all cases; if they're physically separated (live far away)
Morphological Species Concept: appearance, structure/form of an organism, change over
time
• advantage: widely used(plants), easy
• how much is too different
3
...
Genetics: characteristics and genes in popularion, small differences make each unique
...
Larger the gene pool the
better change of survival
...
Species: variety of species in an area
...

All about connections - more species = more complicated the ecosystem
3
...
Biotic and Abiotic (rotting log, boreal
forest, canada;mountains, rivers, dessert)
Keystone Species: importent to biodiversity because they support other organisms(honeybee)

Ecosystems Provide:
- climate regulation
- water supply
- food source
- raw material
- nutrient recycling

Summary - Lesson 1-3
1
...
widely used, doesn't apply to all
2
...
easy to use, how much is too different
3
...
anatomical - physical, shape, size
2
...
DNA - genes and similar DNA strands
Eukaryotic:
Prokaryotic:
- nucleus
- no nucleus
- unicellular
- multicellular
- 1 chromosome
- multi chromosome
- small
- larger
- binary fission
- mitosis
- no membrane
- membrane
Eubacteria

Archeabacteri protista
a

fungi

plentae

animalia

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

Eukarya

Eukarya

Eukarya

Eukarya

no nucleus

no nucleus

nucleus

nucleus

nucleus

nucleus

cell wall

no cell wall

somtimes

cell wall

cell wall

no cell wall

unicellular

unicellular

multicellular

multicellular

multicellular

multicellular

Auto and
Heterotroph

Auto and
Heterotroph

Auto and
Heterotroph

heterotroph

autotroph

heterotroph

3 levels of biodiversity:
Genetic: gene pools, gene characteristcs
Species: variety of species
Ecosystem: variety of ecosystem, all connected

Viruses - lesson 4
Viruses don’t fit in the kingdom because they

- cant replicate on their own(need host cells)
- are not made up of cells
Be be a living thing you must be:

- made up of cells
- Need and use energy
- reproduce on their own

- create waste
- respond and adapt to their environment
Characteristics of a Virus

-

don't have a cytoplasm
cant reproduce or grow on their own, need a host
super super small
infectious

Classifying Viruses

-

size and shape
structure of the virus
type of disease it causes
type of genetic material (RNA or DNA)
method of reproduction

Host Specificity - can be specific to particular plant/animal or type of cell in organism

-

broad range = rabies, can infect many mammals (rodents, dogs, humans)
narrow range = cold virus, only cells of respiratory system
viruses are guided by external recognition areas called receptor cells
proteins on the surface of virus act like ‘key’ to receptors ‘lock’

Reproduction in viruses

- either by injecting genetic material into host cell or entering the host
- virus then takes over host cell for reproduction
- reproduce by either lytic cycle or isogenic cycle
Lyric Cycle - immediately

- virus injects dna into host cell, host makes copies of dna and proteins, new virus
assembled, then break open cell, release new virus

Isogenic Cycle - not immediate

- injects DNA into cell, becomes part of the host DNA,now is provirus
...
eventually groups of cells developed different “functions”

Similarities:
- similar type of membrane
- similiar ribosomes
- reproduce with binary fission
- circular chromosomes
- similiar gene sequence

Protists - Lesson 7
protists - Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms, not fungi, animal of plante
Animal-like
Phylum Cercoza, Phylum cilophora, Phylum zoomastingina, Phylum sporozoa
Movement
Pseudopodia - false feet, temporary extension of cytoplasm, use for eating and moving
Cilia - hair like cilia, locomotion sweep particles in
Flagella - long hair like “tail” expend from body, used in whip motion
How mosquito passes virus to human:
feeds on person
cells inside mosquito use to form zygote, break open releasing sporozoites
sporozaites go into mosquito salivary gland, injected into new host when it bited again
in host, sporozoites reproduce in liver for 2nd type of cell, new cell enters blood stream to
invade red blood cells and multiply quickly
blood cells repture, release toxic and spores, spores infect more red blood cels

Fungus - like
Absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms
Plasmodial Slime Moulds
- tiny slug like blob
- engulf small particles into cytoplasm
- many nuclei
Water Moulds
- most live on dead matter
- some are parasites, fish insects plants
extend threads into host body tissue, release digestive enzymes and absurd resulting nutrients

Plant - like
green colour - from chlorophyll

photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast

Diatoms
- single cell
- mitosis

Red Tide: costal phenomena, dinoflagellas contain red are concentrate and seawater has
distinct red colour
Dinoflagellates and coral reefs are symbiodinium
Coral Bleaching: ocean temps rise, partner breaks down and protists are expelled, death of
coral

Fungi - lesson 8
Characteristics:
- mostly multicellular
- eukaryotic
- stationary
- heterotrophic
- cell walls containing chitin
- variety of reproduction strategies

Plant Similarities:
- eukaryotic cells
- organelles
- cell wall
- grow in organic substance/soil
- stationary

- reproduce sexually or asexually

Plant Differences:
- no chlorophyll, not photosynthetic
- never reproduce by seed
- walls made of chitin not cellulose
- few/no vacuoles

Basic Structure

- DNA suggest fungi are more closely related to

Unicellular - cylindrical or oval shape
animals than plants
Multicellular range in morphology but body
consists of:
- hyphae - threadlike filaments make up basic structure
- mycelium - continuation of hyphae the extends underground to attach
- fruiting body - made of hyphae, spore producing reproductive structure

Nutrition
- heterotrophs, feed on living or dead plant and animal matter

- release enzymes externally then absorb digested nutrients (opposite of humans)
- parasitic, live inside the host and absorb nutrients from living cells(bugs)
- predatory, trap prey

- mutualistic, mycelia cover and increase absorption surface of plant roots(work together)
- Saprobial, feed on dead organisms or waste(rotting log)
Reproduction
Asexually:
- most common when lots of nutrients and water
- budding, smaller cell develops on parent and pinches off
- fragmentation, new organisms produced from separated piece of mycelium
sexual:
- when low nutrients and water, spores are produced and released



Classification -

- based on structure of fruiting body
Fungi Imperfecti (phylum Deuteromycota)
- fungi that don't reproduce sexually (cheese mould)
- important in pharmaceuticals
Chytrids (Phylum Chytridomycota)
- mostly unicellular and aquatic
- parasite or sabrobial (potato wart)
Zygospore Fungi (Phylum Zygomycota)
- multicellular and mostly terrestrial
- reproduce asexually but can perform reproduction in certain conditions (bread/
food mould)

Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)
- largect group
- develop small finger like sacs (asci) during sexual reproduction
- include mildews and unicellular yeast
Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)
- release spores (biasdiospores) from specialized hyphae (baisdia)
- include mushrooms and puffballs

Lichens

- composite organisms, depend on relatioship between species
- species are fungus and photosynthetic (algae or cyanobacteria)
- can live in harsh environments
- food source for animals (deer, elk, caribou)
- used to make litmus paper

Fungi and Human Disease
Ringworm
- cause severe itching in groin scalp and facial gain
- spread rapidly by direct or indirect contact
Athlete’s foot
- from dirty showers or shoes
- keep feet dry and wear cotton socks also breathable shoes to prevent

Animals - lesson 9
Characteristics:

- eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
- no cell wall
- have ability to move in at least one stage of their lives
- produce asexually

Classifying animals

- Invertebrates or Vertebrates
- Levels of organization, difference in structure, tissue, and organ organization
- Number of body layers, 1-3 (humans have three, bugs have less)
- Symmetry and body plans, Asymmetrical(no plane of symmetry), Radial(symmetry
about any plane,central axis), Bilateral(symmetry in one plane)(humans)

- Body cavity, present or absent (fluid filled digestive tract)
- Segmentation, division of body into sections that can still survive
- Movement, active or sessile(stationary)
- Reproduction, asexual or sexual, internal or external fertilization

Invertebrate Animals - 7 phylums

- Porifera (sponges)
- Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
- Plathelminthes (flatworms)
- Annelida (round/segmented worms)
- Mollusca (molluses)
- Echinodermata (echinoderms)
- Arthropoda (arthropods)

Sponges:

- live in marine and freshwater
- have asymmetrical body plan
- sessile adulta
- eat by trapping floating foods
Cnidarians:

- jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
- radial body symmetry
- 2 body forms; Polyp(jellyfish) and Medusa(sea anemones)
Flatworms:

- tapeworms, flukes and planarians
- no body cavity (acoelomates)
Round/Segmented worms:

- segmented body
- body cavity (coelomates)
Molluses

- snail, octopi
- bilateral symmetry
- soft body, hard shell
- crawl on fleshy pad
- full organ set
Echinoderms
- endoskeleton

- sea stars and sea urchins
- marine animals with radial symmetry

Atrhropods:

- largest phylum, spiders, scorpions, insects
- legs or moveable joint sections
- segmented bodies with exoskeleton body plan
- tissue and organ systems


Vertebrate Animals - 1 phylum, 5 classes
phylum Chordata, classes; fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
2 common features

- notochord, flexible back, rod like structure
- dorsal(back) nerve cord
Fish:

- aquatic and have gills to obtain oxygen
- lay eggs in water
- some have bones
- sharks and rays have cartilage
Amphibians:

- tetrapods, frogs, salamanders, toads
- live on land and water - depend on wet/moist habitats to survive
- lay jelly coated eggs in water
Reptiles

- lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians
- dont depend on wet ecosystem, have body scales to prevent dehydration
- use lungs for gas exchange
- cold-blooded
- internal fertilization, most lay eggs, in cold environment give birth to live offsprings

Birds:

- tetrapods
- structure and habitat and very diverse
- have hollow bones to help with flying
Mammals

- mammary glands to nourish young
- hair
- birth to lie offsprings
- four-chambered hearts
- highly developed brains
Plants - lesson 10
Non-vascular plants: Bryophytes

small, non-vascular land plant

- mosses
- liverworts
- hornworts

}

- no vascular tissue
- diffusion + osmosis

Seedless Vascular Plants

- vascular tissue, grow tall
- moisture for sexual reproduction

-

whisk ferns
club mosses
hors tails
ferns

Seed-producing vascular plants
Gymnosperm - vascular plant, non enclosed seed ex: coniferous trees, palm trees
Angiosperm - vascular plant with seeds in protective tissue ex: birch tree, flowers
Flower- collection of structure in angiosperm, use for sexual reproduction
Fruit - mature ovary of a flower protect and disperse dormant seeds
Monocot - cluster of flowing plants, 1 cotyledon
Dicot - cluster of flowering plants, 2 cotyledons

Summary 8-10

Fungi
Characteristics:
- mostly multicellular
- eukaryotic
- stationary
- heterotrophic
- cell walls containing chitin
- variety of reproduction strategies
Plants
similarities
- eukaryotic
- cell wall
- grow in soil
- stationary
- reproduce sexually and a sexually
differences:
- no chlorophyll, not photosynthetic
- dont prudce by seed
- walls of chitin
- low vacuoles
Structure:
Unicellular - cylindrical or oval shape
Multicellular - Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
Nutrition

release enzymes externally, absorb digested
nutrients

Parasitic

Predatory

Mutualistic

Saprobial

live inside host and
absorb nutrients from
living cells (bugs)

trap prey

mycelia cover and
increase absorption
surface of plants (work
togethor)

feed on dead
organisms/wate (rotting
log)

Reproduction
1
...
sexual - low water/nutrients, spores produced and released into air
Diseases :
ringworm - severe itching in groin, facial hair, scalp; spread quickly

Athletes foot - from dirty showers/shoes
imperfecti

chytrids

zygospores

sac fungi

club fungi

- don’t reproduce
sexually
- important in
pharmasisutals

- unicellular and

- multicellular

develop small
fingerlike sacs
during sexual
reproduction

- release spores

cheese mould

potato wart

mildews,
unicellular yeast

mushroom/ puff
ball

-

aquatic
parasite or
sabroai

most terrestrial
- reproduce
asexually, can
perform
reproduction in
certain conditions
bread old

from special
hyphae

Animals
- eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
- no cell wall
- have ability to move in at least one stage of their lives
- produce asexually
Classification

- Invertebrates or Vertebrates
- Levels of organization: difference in structure, tissue, and organ organization
- Number of body layers: 1-3 (humans have three, bugs have less)
- Symmetry and body plans:
• Asymmetrical(no plane of symmetry)
• Radial(symmetry about any plane,central axis)
• Bilateral(symmetry in one plane)(humans)
- Body cavity: present or absent (fluid filled digestive tract)
- Segmentation: division of body into sections that can still survive
- Movement: active or sessile(stationary)
- Reproduction: asexual or sexual, internal or external fertilization
Invertebrate: sponges, Cnidariana, flatworms, round worms, Molluses, Echinodermata,
Arthopods

Vertebrate: Chordata; fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals
sponges

Cnidaria

flatworms

round
worms

- live in

- radial

- body

water

body

no body
cavity

- asymmetri - Polyp
- Medusa
cal
- trap

cavity

- segmente
d body

floating
food for
eating

fish

- aquatic, have
gills for oxygen

bones, there
cartilage

- bilateral

endoskeleto
n
- marine
animal
- lateral
symmetry

- soft body,
-

hard shell
crawl on
fleshy
pads

- moveable
legs/joints

- segmente
d bodies

- exoskelet
on

- tissue and

worms

snail, octopi

starfish, sea
urchins

spider,
scorpions,
insects

amphibans

reptiles

birds

mammals

- tetrapods

- dont depend on

- tetrapods
- diverse

- mammary

- live land and

water

- some have

Echinoderm Arthopods
ata

organ
system
jelly fish, sea tapeworms,
anemones
flukes

- lay eggs in

Molluses

-

water (depend
on moist habitat
to survive)
lay jelly coated
eggs water

wet ecosystem

- lungs for gas
exchange

- internal

-

structure/habitat
hollow bones to
fly

fertilization

- cold-blooded

-

glands to nurish
young
hair
birth live
offsprings
highly
developed brain

Plants
Brophytes:
- mosses
- liverworts
- hornworts

- no vascular tissue
- diffusion + osmosis

Seedless plants:
- grow tall and tissue
- moist fr sexual reproduction

Gymnosperm - vascular plant, non enclosed seed ex: coniferous trees, palm trees
Angiosperm - vascular plant with seeds in protective tissue ex: birch tree, flowers
Flower- collection of structure in angiosperm, use for sexual reproduction
Fruit - mature ovary of a flower protect and disperse dormant seeds
Monocot - cluster of flowing plants, 1 cotyledon
Dicot - cluster of flowering plants, 2 cotyledons



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