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Scientific Journals
of the Maritime University of Szczecin

Zeszyty Naukowe
Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

2015, 41 (113), 71–77
ISSN 1733-8670 (Printed)
ISSN 2392-0378 (Online)

Fault Tree Analysis as a tool for modelling the marine main
engine reliability structure
Rafał Laskowski
Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Marine Engineering
70-500 Szczecin, ul
...
pl
Key words: Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), main engine, reliability, weak link, Reliability Block Diagram
(RBD), qualitative analysis, minimal cut sets
Abstract
The introduction to the Fault Tree Analysis has been presented in this article
...
The usefulness of the method in marine engineering application has
been indicated
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The way of creating system model with the Fault Tree
Analysis application has been presented
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Main tree describing the object reliability
structure analysis and the sub-tree structure modelling crank system, subsystem of the cam shaft, cylinder
exemplary system and turbocharger have been built
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The directions for further research have been indicated
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The FTA
method was first used by the HA Watson at Bell
Telephone Laboratories in 1961 in the United
States, Watson with the US Air Force have analyzed the reliability of the control system of the
Minuteman missiles [1]
...

The FTA method allows detailed examination of
the system operation principles during the design,
operation and during accident investigations [5]
...
Fault tree are
successfully used to diagnose the state of the reliability of the existing system [9]
...

A detailed description of the method can be found
in handbooks [3, 14, 15, 16]
...

Severity level of the component in the system is
dependent on two factors: the reliability of the
component that is part of the system and on what
place it occupies in the structure of reliability
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Its importance
decreases with increasing level of its reserving [17]
...
The FTA
model shows graphically and logically different
combinations of possible adverse and normal
events, which may occur during the operation of the
system, leading to its failure
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The constructor of the tree must keep in
mind that the tree should be clear and understandable to other people
...
Intermediate event presented graphically
as a rectangle represent the states of the subsystems
of the analyzed object and their correlations cause
emerging subsequent intermediate events leading to
the top event in question, which is the purpose of
the analysis [6, 16]
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Basic events, presented graphically using
circles, are components faults of the system
in question
...

Events can also represent the basic operator
errors and reflect the influence of the environment
...
Undeveloped events, presented graphically using diamonds, are faults not fully defined, that
is, not fully known
...

Apart from FTA model events, transfer symbols
are used that are presented using triangles – they
allow a clear division of the system into subsystems
causing the fault tree easier survey
...
Each gate
has any number of inputs but only one output
...

Object of analysis
Presented later in this article, block diagrams of
reliability and fault trees model main engine reliability structure of HYUNDAI MAN B&W Mk8
7S50MC-C which is a two-stroke marine engine,
perpetual, crosshead, unilateral actions driven turbo
exhaust gases for direct drive of variable pitch
propeller
...

During the analysis of the object the possibility
of one cylinder system off as a partial possibility of
achieving goals was assumed
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The view of
engine from upper platform of engine room is
shown in figure 1
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Table 1
...
1
...
Usually, each block
corresponds to exactly one component of the system, however, in the case of complex structures it
may prove as impracticable
...

Modern vessel engines have complex structure
[20, 21, 22, 23]
...
In
the serial part are common components to engine,
while, in the threshold part are components associated with the cylinder block
...

For the analyzed object cause and effect relationships are modelled corresponding to analyzed
structure [22] using the methodology of fault tree
Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin 41 (113)

Fault Tree Analysis as a tool for modelling the marine main engine reliability structure
Table 2
...
2
...
In table 2 a list of symbols used in
the construction of fault trees is provided
...
3) are faults of the cylinder, failure to the
turbocharger and common components which
include, among others, cylinder frame, bedplate,
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 41 (113)

chain drive, starting air manifold, scavenge air
receiver, air cooler and exhaust manifold
...
In the
model transfer symbols to the main groups of faults
due to the significant expansion of the model are
73

Rafał Laskowski

Fig
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The fault tree of analyzed main engine

used, making it easier for the recipient to understand presented system decomposition
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The faults of piston-crank group are illustrated
in figure 6, among the specified components are:
the piston rod, the stuffing box, crosshead bearings,
a connecting rod and crankpin bearings
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4
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6
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5
...
7
...
9
...
8
...
This group
includes fault to the exhaust valve, the air starting
valve, fuel injectors with high pressure pipes and
fuel pump
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8)
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75

Rafał Laskowski

Fig
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The fault tree of analyzed engine’s camshaft

The last shown fault sub-tree of analyzed main
engine is the tree of camshaft (Fig
...
Main
failures include following components: fuel and
exhaust valves cams, bearings and shaft
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For built fault tree the minimal cut
sets are searched under qualitative analysis of tree
[12, 16, 24]
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In case of small fault tree the minimal cut set is
searched by tree inspection while for large and
complex fault trees appropriately selected procedures and algorithms are used [24]
...
With
the increase of row section the validity of component decreases, if the component is contained in the
minimum number of sections in the analysis than
first sections of the lowest row are taken into account
...

The computer programme CARA- FaultTree 4
...

Academic Version made by Sydvest Software was
used to model fault trees and to search for tracks,
and the minimal cut set
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This means that the
failure of any component of this set will cause
failure of the system
...

As a result of further qualitative analysis of the
main engine fault tree, the minimum dimensions of
disablement of the second order is obtained, which
includes 5453 cut sets consisting of a combination
of two components, due to the large number of
these combinations just a few examples of cut sets
are presented in table 3
...

Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin 41 (113)

Fault Tree Analysis as a tool for modelling the marine main engine reliability structure
Table 3
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In the analyzed fault tree there are no minimal
cut sets with more than two components
...

Please note that the component is the more important, the more it resembles independent component, the significance of components decreases with
increasing level of its reserve [18]
...

Presented article is a part of the analysis of data
collected on the main engine helpful to write
a doctoral dissertation on the validity of the analysis
of marine engine components, taking into account
the consequences of damage
...
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12
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13
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18
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19
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22
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...
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