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Title: GCSE BIOLOGY BREATHING AND RESIRATION
Description: IGCSE / GCSE BIOLOGY Breathing and respiration
Description: IGCSE / GCSE BIOLOGY Breathing and respiration
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B4 Breathing and Respiration
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B4
...
For gas exchange to work efficiently you need a steep concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse into the blood and for carbon
dioxide to diffuse out
...
5
...
% of air
breathed out
nitrogen
1
...
3
...
04
4
Air mostly contains nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of carbon dioxide
...
Exhaled air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide
...
Diaphragm muscles flatten the diaphragm so the volume of the thorax increases
As the volume of the thorax increases, the pressure drops
...
The ribs fall, the diaphragm moves up and the volume of the thorax decreases
...
Air is forced out of the lungs
...
They are made up of clusters of alveoli which provide a very
large surface area
...
The alveoli have a rich supply rich supply of blood capillaries
...
Gas exchange takes place along the steepest concentration gradient possible
...
The
layer of cells between the air in the lungs and the blood capillaries is very thin to allow diffusion to take place over the shortest
possible gradient
...
Exhaling
●
●
●
●
●
Intercostal muscles relax
Ribs move down and in
Diaphragm returns to dome shape
Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure increases
●
ir is forced out of the lungs
A
Increased volume
in the chest means
lower pressure atmospheric air is at a higher pressure
...
Decreased volume
in the chest means
higher pressure
...
so
Key points:
●
The lungs are in the thorax
...
●
The intercostal muscles contract to move your ribs up and out and flatten the diaphragm, increasing the volume of the
thorax
...
●
The intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in, and the diaphragm domes up, decreasing the volume of
the thorax
...
●
The alveoli provide a very large surface area and a rich supply of blood capillaries
...
Ventilation moves air in and out and helps maintain a steep diffusion gradient
...
Spherical shape gives alveolus relatively large surface area for diffusion
...
B4
...
This means that they can no longer stimulate their intercostal muscles and diaphragm to contract and relax
...
Negative pressure ventilators
Negative pressure ventilators cause air to be drawn into the lungs, and it is exhaled passively as the chest collapses down
...
The patient lay in a metal cylinder with their head sticking out
...
The
chest wall is moved up
meaning that the
volume of
the thorax increases
so that
air is drawn into the lungs
...
The
ribs move down
,
lowering the volume off the thorax
,
increasing the pressure inside the thorax
forcing
air out of the lungs
...
Positive pressure ventilators
A positive pressure ventilator forces a carefully measured breath of air into the lungs under positive pressure
...
Positive pressure ventilators can be used in different circumstances
...
ositive pressure bag ventilators
P
are held and
squeezed
by doctors of nurses emergency treatments
in
...
●
Full scale positive pressure ventilating machines
can help
keep patients alive
through
major surgery
...
Benefits of positive pressure ventilators
●
Do not have to use iron lung
●
Can be used at home
●
Patients can have control
Disadvantages of positive pressure ventilators
●
Inserting tube down trachea can be uncomfortable
B4
...
This reaction releases energy that your cells can use
...
Equation:
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
(+energy)
Mitochondria site of respiration
Each reaction during aerobic respiration is controlled by enzymes and most take place in the mitochondria
...
They have a folded inner
membrane that provides a large surface area for enzymes involved with aerobic respiration
...
Reasons for respiration
Respiration releases energy from the food we eat and air that we breathe in so that our cells can use it
...
They build up large molecules from small ones to make new
cell material
...
Energy is
used to break down larger molecules to smaller ones both during digestion and within the cells themselves
...
All muscle activities use energy
...
Doing this uses energy from respiration
...
●
In plants, the energy from respiration is used to move minerals ions such as nitrated from the soil into root hair cells
...
Key points:
Aerobic respiration involves chemical reactions that use oxygen and sugar and release energy
...
B4
...
Muscle fibres
need a lot of energy to contract
...
Muscle fibres usually occur in big blocks or groups known as muscles, which contract to cause movement
...
Glycogen can be converted rapidly to glucose during exercise
...
During exercise uscles contract harder and faster meaning that they need more glucose and oxygen to supply oxygen to supply
m
their energy needs
...
During exercise
several changes take place:
●
Heart rate and arteries supplying blood widen
...
This in turn
increases the rate of supply of oxygen and glucose to muscles
...
●
Breathing rate increases and you breathe more deeply
...
This is carried to exercising muscles
...
●
Glycogen stored in muscles is converted back to glucose, to supply cells with the full they need for increased cellular
respiration
...
When exercising muscles, you need and increased amount of glucose and oxygen and you produce more carbon dioxide
that needs to be removed
...
B4
...
However when you exercise hard or for a long period
of time, your muscle cells may become short of oxygen (although your heart and breathing rates increase, blood can still not supply
oxygen to the muscle cells fast enough)
...
They use
anaerobic
respiration,
which takes place without oxygen
...
It produces
lactic acid
instead of carbon dioxide and water, and
releases a smaller amount of energy for the cells
...
If you are unfit,
your muscles will run out of oxygen sooner
...
One cause of muscle fatigue can be a build up of lactic acid, made by anaerobic respiration in the muscle cells
...
Anaerobic respiration is not as effective as aerobic respiration because glucose is not broken down completely so far less energy is
released
...
Anaerobic respiration:
glucose lactic acid (+energy)
Oxygen debt
If you’ve been exercising hard, you often carry on puffing and panting after you stop
...
When exercise is over, lactic acid has to be broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water
...
To [provide
oxygen your heart and breathing rate stay high
...
Oxygen debt repayment:
lactic acid + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
Anaerobic respiration in other organisms
Plants and organisms can also respire anaerobically however they do not form lactic acid they form ethanol and carbon dioxide
Title: GCSE BIOLOGY BREATHING AND RESIRATION
Description: IGCSE / GCSE BIOLOGY Breathing and respiration
Description: IGCSE / GCSE BIOLOGY Breathing and respiration