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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Slide 1: Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Welcome to Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
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controls allow you to navigate through the eLearning experience
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Click the Notes tab to read a transcript of the narration
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Specific types of meters exist for various reasons,
from tracking the use of electricity to analyzing the power quality in a facility and reporting problems
such as transients and harmonics to measuring the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the data
center
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Meters enable you to benchmark
the data center’s energy use, identify improvement opportunities, and measure results from energy
improvement projects
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Slide 5: Introduction
Within a data center, you’ll likely find meters in places that measure power (kW), energy (kWh),
voltage and amperage, harmonics, power factor, flow rates, temperature and humidity, and more
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The scope of this course is on the
physical meters, and does not discuss the management software used in conjunction with the
meters for visualization and reporting, for example
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This course discusses these attributes to help data center designers select
the right meters for their needs
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All rights reserved
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Slide 6: Value & Classification of Metering
Metering systems provide critical data and analytics that help ensure safe, reliable, high quality,
and efficient data center power distribution
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Reporting PUE starts with measuring power consumption, of both the IT loads and the physical
infrastructure components that make up the total data center power consumption
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Sometimes temporary meters are put in
place to address this need
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The data, for example, can alert the
operator(s) to over-loaded UPSs, generators, & IT rack circuits before redundancy and availability
are compromised
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

where maintenance activities are scheduled based on critical performance parameters
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Further, power quality meters enable detailed root-cause analysis on electrical distribution system
downtime events to reduce the probability of the same event occurring in the future
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Recover quickly from downtime events – Metering data is crucial to reducing the length of a
downtime event, should one occur
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) via SMS or
email, for example (from their management systems)
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Time-stamped, detailed data enables root-cause
problem solving to get the system up fast
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In fact, downtime from human error is commonly
reported as ranging from 30-50% of all downtime
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Maximize asset utilization – A significant amount of “oversizing” of assets has traditionally occurred
within data centers due to the uncertainty of current and future loads, and the need to ensure
redundancy and availability levels
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e
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Decrease energy operating expense – Energy makes up a significant percentage of the annual
operating expense of data centers
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e
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Likewise, co-location companies may want to track and charge energy consumption by client
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The level of accuracy required for this allocation process will be determined with the
number, type, and location of meters within the infrastructure
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For more information, please consider participating in our course, Allocating
Data Center Energy Costs and Carbon to IT Users
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Slide 8: Levels of Meters
Here we can see the four general levels of metering within a data center
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Not all levels are necessarily needed in a data
center – it depends on the objective(s) of the metering system and the data center’s infrastructure
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If, on the other hand,
the data center is within a shared facility (other non-data center tenants are in the facility), PUE

©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Slide 9: Permanent vs
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Temporary meters – Low cost meters, such as clamp-on amp probes, are useful to capture a onetime spot measurement to determine a baseline, verify performance, or as a tool to diagnose a
problem
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Permanent meters – When long term data measurements are desired for monitoring, trending, and
control, permanent installation metering is more effective
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Permanent meters are the focus of this course
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A CT converts the current of an electrical circuit to a proportional,
lower, secondary current appropriate as an input to an electrical metering or protection device
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In general, metering systems
have CTs and PTs that are wired back to the location of the electric meter
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e
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Here we can see what CTs look like installed around the wires they are
measuring
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Image source: http://en
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org/wiki/Current_transformer
Slide 11: Types of Measurement Devices
There are seven types of permanent electrical metering devices commonly used in data centers
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• Power quality meters
• Power meters
• Digital relay embedded meters
• Electronic trip unit embedded meters
• UPS embedded meters
• PDU / busway embedded meters
• Rack PDU embedded meters

©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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A power quality meter is a high accuracy (e
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0
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g
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g
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g
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g
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2S, 1A and 5A)
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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e
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Advantages: Power quality meters provide detailed engineering data with high accuracy / precision,
and a high frequency of data collection to improve power quality, reliability, and uptime
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Slide 13: Power Meters
A power meter is a meter that can measure electrical parameters such as energy, power, voltage,
current, power factor, and frequency
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g
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5%) and
precise (e
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32 samples per cycle) metering device tested to internationally recognized metering
standard (e
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IEC 62053-22 0
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Some power meters, such as branch circuit power monitors are
accurate to 1-2%
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Applications: The common applications for power meters include power circuit loading and
balancing, energy management to track use, cost allocation / billing, maintenance activity support
(i
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provides historical data for troubleshooting), and critical incident alarming
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They are also simpler devices since they have a more targeted data set
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Many advanced digital relays also have metering functionality available
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Locations: In a data center, digital relays are typically installed to protect medium voltage (MV)
feeders, transformers, generators, & busbars
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Advantages: Using an embedded meter on a digital relay offers a cost advantage vs
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Disadvantages: Digital relays are meant for large amperage inflows, so the current transformers or
CTs (the component that measures electrical current) are not as accurate (typically 1% accuracy);
In addition, digital relays don’t always have power quality metering, and they don’t usually have
onboard data logs making it more complex to access the data and increases the potential for data
loss
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It is typically integrated
into low voltage (LV) circuit breakers
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Electronic trip units typically
have metering functionality available, including power quality metering in some higher end units
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All rights reserved
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Locations: In a data center, electronic trip units are typically installed to protect low voltage power
distribution equipment (e
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LV switchboards, transformers), generators, and mechanical loads (e
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pumps, chillers)
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g
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Advantages: Embedded meters offer a cost advantage over stand-alone meters
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Disadvantages: Electronic trip unit embedded meters are not as accurate, they generally do not
provide the full power quality meter functions, and they don’t usually have onboard data logs
making it more complex to access the data and increases the potential for data loss
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Locations: In a data center, UPSs exist to protect the load from utility power anomalies
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The embedded meter provides
engineering data, input voltage, current, and power to enable loss calculations, voltage / frequency
trending, power factor, etc
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Advantages: Relying on the meters embedded in a UPS system saves cost by eliminating
additional meters on the input and output of the UPS
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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In addition, the detailed data of a power quality meter is not in scope of UPS embedded
meters
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e
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Slide 17: PDU Embedded Meters
Power distribution units (PDUs), remote power panels (RPPs), and busway distribute power within
the IT space to the IT racks
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Some PDUs
and RPPs, such as the modular RPP shown, have output metering and branch current / circuit
monitoring
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Locations: In a data center, PDUs, RPPs, or busway exist to distribute power throughout the IT
space to the racks housing the IT loads
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Manage power
capacity to avoid overloads, do cost allocation, improve PUE calculation, and critical incident
alarming
Advantages: Using metering that is embedded in a PDU, RPP, or busway is more cost effective
than stand-alone meters, as no additional IT load metering is necessary for PUE reporting
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Disadvantages: From a PUE reporting perspective, non-IT loads fed from the PDUs, RPPs, or
busway would incorrectly be counted as IT load in PUE calculations
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Alarm thresholds can be set to mitigate the risk of overloading circuits
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Locations: In a data center, rack PDUs exist to distribute power within the racks to the IT load
devices
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Since it is close to the load, using rack level metering provides information to aid with
capacity planning and change management, and helps reduce downtime from overloaded circuits
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With rack PDUs, it is more intuitive, with a
one to one relationship
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Disadvantages: Metered rack PDUs are more expensive than basic ones (approximately 50%
more) which can limit their deployment
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Lastly, these meters generally fall in a
lower accuracy class of 2-5%, compared to the other upstream meters with typical accuracies of +/0
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2%
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All rights reserved
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Slide 19: Comparison of Devices
The cost to fully meter the upstream electrical distribution of a dedicated data center will vary
depending on the architecture
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This range assumes:
• The number of dedicated meters is minimized by taking advantage of embedded metering, digital
relay metering, and electronic trip unit metering
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Let’s
address the “adder” for this type of metering
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Here is the conceptual electrical
architecture used to demonstrate the metering locations
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All rights reserved
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

Slide 21: Examples
Example 1 - PUE Reporting
In this example, the goal of the metering system is only to achieve Category 1 PUE reporting, as
per The Green Grid definition, which requires kWh data from the utility input and the UPS output
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©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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This application requires current
(amps) by phase (Ia, Ib, Ic) for the output of the MV transformers
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Example 3 - IT Customer Cost Allocation
©2014 Schneider Electric
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All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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Assuming that this is an existing co-location facility, the IT power distribution architecture uses
perimeter PDUs with no existing meters, and 1% accurate revenue grade metering is required; the
metering strategy is illustrated here
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For energy management, meters are used
to establish a baseline, and track performance over time to show return on investment (ROI) on
data center efficiency projects
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Embedded meters in devices such as protective devices,
UPSs, and PDUs are cost effective and should be implemented whenever possible, while still
meeting the goals of the metering system
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All rights reserved
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Types of Electrical Meters in Data Centers
Course Transcript

•

Meters enable you to benchmark the data center’s energy use, identify improvement
opportunities, and measure results from energy improvement projects

•

Specifically metering:
o Enables PUE reporting
o Decreases unplanned downtime events
o Recovers quickly from downtime events
o Improves the effectiveness of maintenance activities
o Maximizes asset utilization
o Decreases energy operating expense
o Enables charge-backs of energy use to internal and/or external clients

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The four levels of meters are:
o Building
o Switchboard
o Circuit Level
o End Use

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The types of measurement devices include:
o Power Quality Meters
o Power Meters
o Digital Relay Embedded Meters
o Electronic Trip Unit Embedded Meters
o UPS Embedded Meters

©2014 Schneider Electric
...
All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners
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©2014 Schneider Electric
...
All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners

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