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Title: F214 Communication
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Communcation and Homeostasis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.

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Tanisha Patel 

 
(a) outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference 
to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to coordinate 
the activities of different organs; 
 
● Cell signalling 
● Rapid communication 
● Sequential processes 
● Cover the whole body 
● Need to keep internal environment constant 
● Keep enzymes/biological pathways at an efficient rate 
 
(b) state that ​
cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling

 

(c) state that ​
neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling

 

(d) define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis; 
 
Negative ­ system opposes the changes, effectors bring body back to original state 
(homeostasis)  
e
...
 thermoregulation 
 
Positive ­ system enhances the changes, effectors maintain and increase change ​
(not 
homeostasis) 
e
...
 dilating cervix 
 
Homeostasis ­ maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment of the body, 
during changes of the internal/external environment 
e
...
 vasoconstriction of arterioles near the skin surface
 
(e) explain the principles of homeostasis in terms of receptors, effectors and negative feedback; 
1) Any change is stimuli, this is detected by receptors
...
 (efferent pathway)  
 
4) Effectors reverse the change and send impulses back to the receptors (negative 
feedback) 
 


 
 
Tanisha Patel 

(f) describe the physiological and behavioural responses that maintain a constant core body 
temperature in ectotherms and endotherms; 
 
 

Endotherms ­ ​
(independent of 
external environment) 

Ectotherms ­ ​
(dependent of external 
environment) 

Behaviour  Hot ­  
Move into shade/burrow
...
 
Lower activity levels
...
 
Cold ­ 
Move into sun/burrow
...
 
Increase activity levels
...
 

Hot ­ 
Avoid sun, seek shade
...
 
Avoid sitting on hot ground
...
 
Cold ­ 
Bask
...
 

Physio 

Hot ­  
Sweat glands/panting
...
 
Cold ­ 
Hairs stand as erector pili muscles 
contract
...
 
Skeletal muscles contract and relax 
rapidly (shivering)
...
 
 
Cold ­ 
Increase activity
...
  
Active at various hours and wide 
range of habitats
...
 
Can change shape easily 
Can live in extreme deserts
...
  

Rapid exhaustion
...
 

 




Title: F214 Communication
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Communcation and Homeostasis. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.