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Title: F214 Excretion
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Excretion. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Excretion. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Excretion
a) define the term excretion;
Elimination of a waste product of metabolism and other nonuseful material from an
organism
...
But protein structure
is high in energy
...
c) describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the histology and gross structure of the
liver;
1
Tanisha Patel
(d) describe the formation of urea in the liver, including an outline of the ornithine cycle;
The deamination of amino acids
remove NH2, making NH3, to make urea, to be excreted via kidney (nitrogenous waste, toxic
to cells)
remaining keto acid used in respiration
(e) describe the roles of the liver in detoxification;
2
Tanisha Patel
f) describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the histology and gross structure of the
kidney;
(g) describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the detailed structure of a nephron and
its associated blood vessels;
3
Tanisha Patel
(h) describe and explain the production of urine, with reference to the processes of ultrafiltration
and selective reabsorption;
1) Ultrafiltration everything except cells/protein is filtered out
● Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules out of blood
...
● The basement membrane stops protein moving out
...
4
Tanisha Patel
2) Selective reabsorption different areas of nephron reabsorb different things
● Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, Na, Cl are reabsorbed out of proximal convoluted tube
into blood
How is PCT adapted to reabsorb selectively?
● walls of nephron are made of cuboidal epithelium with microvilli to increase S/A
● epithelium have many mitochondria to give ATP for active transport
● blood capillaries lie close to outer surface of tubule
Indirect active transport in PCT used to reabsorb useful materials
1) Na+ pumped out of epithelial cells into tissue fluid via Na+K+ATPase pump
...
Passing through
cotransporter proteins, glucose/amino acids used to pass through
...
5) Water follows Na+ and other adsorbed solutes via osmosis, down water potential
gradient
...
5
Tanisha Patel
(i) explain, using water potential terminology, the control of the water content of the blood,
with reference to the roles of the kidney, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and the posterior
pituitary gland;
6
Tanisha Patel
j) outline the problems that arise from kidney failure and discuss the use of renal dialysis and
transplants for the treatment of kidney failure;
Symptoms freq
...
Unable to regulate water potential/solute potential of blood
...
Dialysis machine mimics functioning of kidney
2
...
Add anticoagulants
4
...
Blood checked for air bubbles blood returned to a vein
Peritoneal dialysis (⅔
weekly)
1
...
Fluid collects waste and extra water from blood
3
...
checks for rejection
No longer chronically ill
Side effects (retention, high BP, meds)
Done once
Expensive
Unsuitable for frail/weak
Less mobile for a while
7
Tanisha Patel
k) describe how urine samples can be used to test for pregnancy and detect misuse of anabolic
steroids;
Dipstick
● Hormone Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone produced 6 days after blastocyst fuses to
uterus
● HCG specific antibody coated with gold atom
● Antibody gold complexes coat end of dipstick
● Window 1 control window monoclonal antibodies for HCG gold complex = line (no
line = stick not working)
● Window 2 Patient Test Result region monoclonal antibodies for HCG gold complex,
only detect antibody with HCG attached, line in window 2 = pregnant
Anabolic steroid
● Urine samples are tested using gas chromatography
● 1
...
Passed down long tube lined with absorbing agent
...
Each substance dissolves differently in gas and stays there for unique, specific time
the retention time
● 4
...
It is analysed to make chromatogram
● 6
...
8
Title: F214 Excretion
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Excretion. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Excretion. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.