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Title: F214 Hormones
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Hormones. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Hormones. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
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Tanisha Patel
Hormones
a) Define the terms;
Endocrine gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream
...
Hormone a chemical messenger released to regulate the body’s processes
...
2) Receptor site located on plasma membrane of target cells
...
4) Creating a hormonereceptor complex
...
Changes shape
...
It catalyses production of cyclic AMP (ATP → cAMP)
...
Activates protein kinases
...
(c) describe the functions of the adrenal glands;
The adrenal glands
● On the kidneys
● Maintain essential homeostatic mechanisms
● Adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (inner)
● Medulla releases adrenaline
● Cortex releases cholesterol (steroids)
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Tanisha Patel
(d) describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the histology of the pancreas, and outline
its role as an endocrine and exocrine gland;
● Cells surrounding exocrine gland of pancreas secrete
digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct
...
● α cells secrete glucagon
● β cells secrete insulin
...
(e) explain how blood glucose concentration is regulated, with reference to insulin, glucagon and
the liver;
Blood glucose decreases
1) Detected by α cells
2) Inhibits insulin production
3) α cells secrete glucagon into blood
4) Binds to receptors on hepatocytes in liver
Causes
Glycogenolysis conversion of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis conversion of amino acids and fats to glucose
More fatty acids used in respiration
Blood glucose increases
1) Detected by β cells
2) Inhibits glucagon production
3) β cells secrete insulin into blood
4) Bind to receptors on hepatocytes, in liver
Causes
More glucose enters cell
Glycogenesis glucose in the cell is converted to glycogen
More glucose is converted to fats
More glucose is used in respiration
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Tanisha Patel
(f) outline how insulin secretion is controlled, with reference to potassium channels and calcium
channels in beta cells;
(g) compare and contrast the causes of Type 1 (insulindependent) and Type 2
(noninsulindependent) diabetes mellitus;
Type 1
childhood
no/little production of insulin
viral/bacterial infection, toxins in food, autoimmune, Bcells attacked
treated by subcutaneous insulin injections
Type 2
adulthood
body produces insulin but receptors do not detect/respond to
diet/obesity/exercise/pancreatitis/pregnancy/lifestyle factors/age
treated by diet or oral medication
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Tanisha Patel
(h) discuss the use of insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria, and the potential use of
stem cells, to treat diabetes mellitus (HSW6a, 7b);
Embryonic stem cells
used to produce pancreatic B cells
more social/ethical issues
more economical
one time treatment
Genetically engineered bacteria
human DNA into bacteria
bacteria produce insulin
higher yield, short time
higher acceptance rate
affected by peer pressure
daily treatment
some cannot afford/access healthcare
(i) outline the hormonal and nervous mechanisms involved in control of heart rate in humans
Baroreceptors in cardiac muscle, carotid artery/sinus
● Detect blood pressure changes
High BP = slow HR
Low BP = speed HR
● Chemoreceptors in carotid body, aorta, cardiac muscle and medulla oblongata
● Detect blood pH (CO2 and O2)
High CO2 = Low pH (acidic) = respiratory acidosis
Low CO2 = High pH (alkali) = respiratory alkalosis
● Increased CO2 = Increase HR = More O2 in blood
= CO2 picked up = More CO2 expelled from lungs
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Tanisha Patel
1) Nerve impulse from sympathetic nerve = Higher HR
2) Nerve impulse from vagus nerve = Lower HR
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Title: F214 Hormones
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Hormones. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.
Description: Simple but detailed notes, directly answering criteria on the specification for Hormones. Although, the OCR Biology spec has changed some topics may well be the same/similar. Please preview before purchase if interested.